Gov Vocab Test 3

Affirmative Action

institutional efforts to diversify by race or gender

Brown v. Board of education

1954 Supreme Court case that struck down segregation in schools on the basis of the 14th amendment’s equal protection clause

Civil rights act of 1964

law that banned discrimination in public accommodations, outlawed discrimination in hiring, and required equal application of voter registration rules, among other things

equal protection clause

language in the 14th amendment that prohibits state governments from denying persons equal protection of the laws

equal rights amendment

amendment that was almost ratified that sought to protect equal rights for women

14th amendment

amendment that guarantees citizenship for anyone born in the us and contains the due process and equal protection clauses

NAACP

organization that was created in 1909 as a response to state sponsored discrimination against African Americans

19th amendment

amendment that guarantees women the right to vote in all elections

obergfell v. hodges

Supreme Court decision in 2015 that ruled state laws preventing same sex marriage violated the constitution

strict scrutiny

the highest standard of judicial review

title IX

portion of the education amendments act of 1972 that guarantees that women have the same educational opportunities as men in programs receiving federal funding

24th amendment

amendment that outlaws the use of a poll tax in any election

voting rights act

law that empowered congress and the federal government to oversee state elections in southern states among other things

white primary

method used by southern states to disenfranchise blacks early in the electoral process

libertarian

voters who generally oppose government intervention or regulation. they tend to be conservative on fiscal/economic issues and liberal on moral/social issues

lifecycle effects

physical, social, and psychological changes that people go through that can affect political socialization

political socialization

the process by which one develops political beliefs

populist

voters tend to follow christian ideas, come from working class families, come from the south and midwest. many supported the election of Donald trump

progressive

voters who tend to believe that the wealthy should pay a higher percentage in taxes and are aligned with labor unions

saliency

the importance or prominence of a particular issue in the minds of voters at a given time

valence issues

concerns or policies that are viewed in the same way by people with a variety of ideologies

wedge issues

concerns or policies that sharply divide the public

bandwagon effect

a shift of support to a candidate or position holding the lead in public opinion polls and therefore believed to be endorsed by many people

benchmark polls

the first type of poll used in an election, often before a potential candidate has declared his or her intentions

focus groups

small groups of citizens gathered to hold conversations about issues or candidates

margin of error

a statistical term that quantifies the uncertainty in a sample based estimate such as from a poll

stratification

making sure that demographic groups are properly represented in

universe

the overall group of people whose views are being sampled

discount rate

the interest rate at which the government loans actual dollars to commercial banks

entitlements

government services congress has promised by law to citizens

fiscal policy

that part of economic policy that is concerned wit government spending on taxation

mandatory spending

government speding that is required by existing law, such as social security, Medicare and interest on the national debt

means test

a calculation used to determine a person’s eligibility for a government benefit

monetary policy

policy the government uses to manage the supply and demand of its currency

progressive tax

tax that increases as one’s income increases

16th mendment

amendment allows congress to tax people’s incomes

supply side economics

economic theory that the government should leave as much of the money supply as possible with the people, letting the laws of the marketplace govern the market