AP World History- Period 4 Vocabulary

What is self-determination?

The process by which a group of people usually possessing a certain degree of national consciousness, form their own state and choose their own government

What was the Triple Alliance?

Secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed in May 1882 and renewed periodically until World War I

What was the Triple Entente?

Association between Great Britain, France, and Russia before World War I

What was the Schlieffen Plan?

Battle plan first proposed in 1905 by Alfred von Schlieffen that was designed to allow Germany to wage a successful two-front war

What is trench warfare?

Warfare in which opposing armed forces attack, counterattack, and defend from relatively permanent systems of trenches dug into the ground

What was the Armenian genocide?

Campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I

What was the Balfour declaration?

Made November 2, 1917, statement of British support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people." by Arthur James Balfour, the British foreign secretary

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

Founder of the Russian Communist Party, inspirer, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and the architect and first head of the Soviet state, founder of the organization Comint

What were the Fourteen Points?

A proposal made by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in speech before January 8, 1918, outlining his vision for ending World War I that would prevent such a conflagration from occurring again

Who was Ataturk?

Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, having galvanized the Turkish people after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I

What was the League of Nations?

Was an organization for international cooperation, it was established on January 10, 1920, at the initiative of the victorious Allied powers at the end of World War I

What was the Mandate system?

An authorization granted by the League of Nations to a member nation to govern a former German or Turkish colony. The territory was called a mandated territory, or mandate

What was the Great Depression?

Began in the US and in 1929 and spread worldwide, was the longest and most severe economic downturn in modern history

What was the New Deal?

Domestic program by FDR, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief, reform in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labor, housing and recovery in response to the Great Depression

What was the New Economic Policy?

The economic policy of the government of the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1928, representing a temporary retreat from its previous policy of extreme centralization and doctrinaire socialism

Who was Joseph Stalin?

Secretary-general of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and premier of the Soviet state, who for a quarter of a century dictatorially ruled the Soviet Union and made it a major world power

What is fascism?

Far-right, authoritarian, and nationalist political ideology characterized by dictatorial power, extreme nationalism, and the suppression of opposition; dominated many parts of Europe between 1919 and 1945

Who was Benito Mussolini?

Italian prime minister (1922-43) and the first of 20th-century Europe's fascist dictators

Who was Adolf Hitler?

Leader of the Nazi party and chancellor and Fuhrer of Germany. Was responsible for invading Poland and starting World War II

What is antisemitism?

Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious or racial group

What is the Indian National Congress?

Broadly based political party of India, formed in 1885, it dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain

Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?

Indian Muslim politician, who was the founder and first governor-general of Pakistan; sought the political union of Hindus and Muslims

Who was Sun Yat Sen?

Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party, known as the father of modern China; influential in overthrowing the Qing (manchu) dynasty (1911/12), he served as the first provisional of the Republic of China

What was the May Fourth Movement?

Intellectual revolution and sociopolitical reform movement that occurred in China in 1917-21. The movement was directed toward national independence, emancipation of the individual and rebuilding society and culture

Who was Mao Zedong?

Principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led his country's communist revolution. Was leader of the Chinese Community Party (CCP) and was chairman of the People's Republic of China

Who was Chiang Kai-Shek?

Was a soldier and statesman, head of the Nationalist government in China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently head of the Chinese Nationalist government in exile on Taiwan

What was the Long March?

The 6,000-mile historic trek of the Chinese communists, which resulted in the relocation of the communist revolutionary base from the southeastern to northwestern China and in emergence of Mao Zedong as the undisputed party leader

Who was Jomo Kenyatta?

African statesman and nationalist, the first prime minister (1963-64) and then the first president (1964-78) of independent Kenya

What is Pan-Africanism?

The idea that peoples of African descent have common interests and should be unified

Who was Fidel Castro?

Was the political leader of Cuba, who transformed his country into the first communist state in the western hemisphere. Became a symbol of communist revolution in Latin America

What was the Dollar diplomacy?

Foreign policy created by U.S. President William Howard Taft and his secretary of state to ensure the financial stability of a region while protecting and extending U.S. commercial and financial interests there

What is the United Fruit Company?

American corporation found in 1899 to grow and market bananas. In 1970, it became part of the United Brands Company, which was renamed Chiquita Brands International in 1990

What were the Axis Powers?

Coalition headed by Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied powers in World War II

What were the Allied Powers?

Coalition of countries that opposed the Central Powers. The original members of greatest import were the British Empire, France, and Russia. Later, the U.S. and Italy joined, while Russia withdrew

What was the Rape of Nanjing?

Mass killing and ravaging of Chinese citizens and capitulated soldiers by soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army after the seizure of Nanjing, China during the Sino-Japanese War that followed World War II

What was the Munich Conference?

Settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland, in western Czechoslovakia

What were the Dresden bombings?

During World War II, Allied bombing raids on February 13-15, 1945, that almost completely destroyed the city of Dresden. The raids became a symbol of the "terror bombing" campaign against Germany, which was one of the most controversial Allied actions of the war

What is Hiroshima?

City that lies at the head of Hiroshima Bay, an embayment of the Inland Sea. On August 6, 1945, it became the first city in the world to be struck by an atomic bomb

What was the Final Solution?

Nazi plan to eliminate Europe's Jewish population. Was implemented from 1941 to 1945 and resulted in the systematic murder of 6 million Jews across 21 countries

What was the Marshall Plan?

U.S.-sponsored program designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 western and southern European countries in order to create conditions in which democratic institutions could survive

What is the United Nations?

International organization established on October 24. 1945. Was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership

What is NATO?

A military alliance originally established in 1949 to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after World War II

What was the Warsaw Pact?

Treaty established a mutual-defense organization (WTO) composed originally of the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

What was the Nonaligned movement?

International organization dedicated to representing the interests and aspirations of developing countries. In the early 21st century, the Non-Aligned Movement counted 100 member states

Who was Gamal Abdel Nasser?

Egyptian army officer, prime minister and the president of Egypt who became a controversial leader of the Arab world, creating the short-lived United Arab Republic

What is Pan-Arabism?

Nationalist nation of cultural and political unity among Arab countries. It contributed to political agitation and led to independence of most Arab states from the Ottoman Empire and from the European powers

What was perestroika?

Program instituted in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s to restructure Soviet economic and political policy

What was the Great Leap Forward?

The campaign undertaken by the Chinese communists between 1958 and early 1960 to organize its vast population, especially in large-scale rural communes, to meet China's industrial and agricultural problems

What was the Green Revolution?

Great increase in production of food grains (especially wheat and rice) that resulted in large part from the introduction into developing countries of new, high-yielding varieties, beginning in the mid-20th century

What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

Foundation document of international human rights law. Has been referred to as humanity's Magna Carta by Eleanor Roosevelt, who chaired the UN Commission on Human Rights that was responsible for the drafting of the document