Exam 2 Ethics part 1

A Bona Fide Occupational Qualification is

Group of answer choices

Any skill required for the performance of a job

The prohibition of hiring on the basis of race or gender

A qualification which allows for preferences in race or gender in hiring

Any educational qualification required for a job

A qualification which allows for preferences in race or gender in hiring.

About how many animals are used for experiments each year in the US?

Group of answer choices

30 million

70 million

15 million

5 million

30 million

According to Iris Young, the new usage of "oppression" refers to

Group of answer choices

the systemic, structural constraints on oppressed groups

the oppression of governments on the rights of private citizens

the exploitation of animals by human beings

the oppression of the 1% over the 99%

the systemic, structural constraints on oppressed groups

Affirmative action plans must be adopted by

Group of answer choices

All companies that have more than 50 employees and receive federal money

All companies that with over 1000 employees

All companies that receive federal money

All companies with over 50 employees

All companies that have more than 50 employees and receive federal money

All of the following are examples of types of affirmative action except:

Group of answer choices

Setting quotas or fixed numbers to actually attain

Firing or laying-off employees to achieve a closer race-balance

Giving preferences among equally qualified applicants

Enlarging the pool of applicants, then hiring on the basis of competence

Firing or laying-off employees to achieve a closer race-balance

Animal experimentation appeals to ________ reasoning?

Group of answer choices

Kantian

Utilitarian

Relative

Natural law

Utilitarian

By June, 2010 there had been ________ convicts who were found innocent due to DNA testing.

Group of answer choices

17

88

254

369

254

How many Americans have physical disabilities?

Group of answer choices

14 million

43 million

27 million

65 million

43 million

How many black high school dropouts are prisoners or ex-convicts by the time they reach their mid thirties?

Group of answer choices

30%

60%

45%

6%

60%

National news magazines and television shows show blacks in stories about poverty about _______% of the time?

Group of answer choices

62

16

29

87

62

Of the hate crimes reported in 2011,             were racially motivated.

Group of answer choices

47%

90%

16%

33%

47%

Peter Singer argues that

Group of answer choices

Speciesism is natural to human beings

Equal treatment implies identical treatment

Equal treatment does not imply identical treatment

Animals should have the same rights as human beings

: Equal treatment does not imply identical treatment

Sentience is the ability to

Group of answer choices

Understand moral responsibilities

Perceive and be aware of the world

To have emotional attachments

To feel pleasure and pain

To feel pleasure and pain

Steinbock argues that

Group of answer choices

Animals are different from human beings since they do not think or use language

Animals are different from human beings since they do not possess self-awareness and self-consciousness

Animals are different from human beings since they do not possess the ability to feel pain and guilt

Animals are different from human beings since they do not possess responsibility, reciprocity, and self-respect

Animals are different from human beings since they do not possess responsibility, reciprocity, and self-respect

Studies show capital crime rates in states that regularly execute compared with states that do not have capital punishment is

Group of answer choices

About 30% lower

About the same

About 10% lower

About 40% higher

About the same

The cost of life in prison without parole compared to an execution is

Group of answer choices

Slightly higher

About the same

Significantly lower

About twice as much

Significantly lower

The fact that having capital punishment "on the table" causes many people to confess to crimes in order to have death "taken off the table" is what kind of ethical reasoning?

Group of answer choices

Utilitarianism

Natural law

Relativism

Categorical imperative

Utilitarianism

The last execution by hanging took place in

Group of answer choices

Delaware

Utah

Texas

Montana

Delaware

The Principle of Equality states

Group of answer choices

That societies which promote equality will succeed over unjust nations

That equality is demonstrated by the right to vote

That everyone should be treated equally regardless of differences

That everyone should be treated equally unless there are relevant differences which justify differential treatment

That everyone should be treated equally unless there are relevant differences which justify differential treatment

The two racisms distinguished by Appiah are

Group of answer choices

domestic and foreign

personal and political

positive and negative

intrinsic and extrinsic

 

intrinsic and extrinsic

To argue that animals have rights is to appeal to

Group of answer choices

Natural law

Utilitarianism

Categorical imperative

Relativism

Natural law

To suggest that capital punishment is a different moral question for nomadic peoples living in tents or other temporary shelters than for societies with maximum-security prisons is what kind of reasoning?

Group of answer choices

Utilitarianism

Relativism

Natural law

Kantian

Relativism

What category of argument is a case for affirmative action based on justice?

Group of answer choices

Consequentialist

Ethical egoist

Contractarian

Nonconsequentialist

Nonconsequentialist

What constitutional amendment contains the equal protection clause?

Group of answer choices

The Eighth Amendment

The Fifteenth Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment

The Thirteenth Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment

What did Jeremy Bentham think we need to know to assess the moral status of animals?

Group of answer choices

Whether or not they have a sense of personal identity

Whether or not they can suffer

Whether or not they are of any use to others

Whether or not they can think

Whether or not they can suffer

What did the Supreme Court rule in Gregg v. Georgia in 1976?

Group of answer choices

It ruled that the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment

It ruled that the death penalty violated the Thirteenth Amendment

It ruled that the death penalty did not violate the Eighth Amendment

It ruled that the death penalty could not be applied to minors

It ruled that the death penalty did not violate the Eighth Amendment

What distinguishes an interest from a right?

Group of answer choices

Having an interest in something is to endow it with a set of inherent values

Having an interest in something is to assert a moral obligation to care for that thing

Having an interest in something is to have a consciousness of that thing and to want it

Having an interest in something is to recognize it as a moral agent

Having an interest in something is to have a consciousness of that thing and to want it

What does the M'Naughton Rule say?

Group of answer choices

According to this rule, people are not responsible for their actions if they did not know what they were doing or did not know it was wrong

According to this rule, people are responsible for their actions, so long as their guilt could be determined

According to this rule, the punishment must fit the crime

According to this rule, retribution is justified by natural law

According to this rule, people are not responsible for their actions if they did not know what they were doing or did not know it was wrong

What gave women the right to vote?

Group of answer choices

The Civil Rights Act

The Nineteenth Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment

The Equal Rights Voting Act

The Nineteenth Amendment

What is meant by "lex talionis"?

Group of answer choices

"Three strikes and you're out"

An "eye for an eye"

"Justice demands a swift response"

"Beware the hawk's talons--they have a grip of steel"

"eye for an eye"

What is required for an egalitarian retributivist?

Group of answer choices

That the punishment allows for leniency in special circumstances

That the punishment should equal the crime

That the punishment shows no evidence of racial or gender bias

That the punishment should be determined with fairness and equality

That the punishment should equal the crime

What is Steinbock's view of animals?

Group of answer choices

Steinbock holds that animals need to be recognized as both sentient beings and moral agents

Steinbock holds that animals need neither be treated as equal to humans nor to be given equal weight in terms of interests

Steinbock holds that animals need neither be treated as sentient beings nor creatures to whom we owe a duty

Steinbock holds that animals should be treated as equal to humans and to be given equal weight in terms of interests

Steinbock holds that animals need neither be treated as equal to humans nor to be given equal weight in terms of interests

What is the idea of restorative justice?

Group of answer choices

Inflicting a psychological punishment on the criminal

Responding to crime by allowing criminals to take responsibility and make amends to society

Restoring the criminal with the rights of a citizen

Disallowing convicted criminals parole

Responding to crime by allowing criminals to take responsibility and make amends to society

What is true of Steffen's argument regarding capital punishment?

Group of answer choices

That deterrence is the best argument for the death penalty

That capital punishment is the only appropriate punishment for murder

That current executions do not meet the criteria of a justified death penalty

That lethal injections are the morally best form of capital punishment

That current executions do not meet the criteria of a justified death penalty

What makes something a right (as opposed to a wrong)?

Group of answer choices

A right is something innately granted to a species-being

A right is a strong and legitimate claim that is determined to bring about the maximal goodness or benefit for the greatest number of people

A right is a strong and legitimate claim that can be made by a claimant against someone

A right is what is owed to someone by virtue of a system of laws

A right is a strong and legitimate claim that can be made by a claimant against someone

What philosopher thought animals were machines devoid of an inner sense of consciousness?

Group of answer choices

Aldo Leopard

Descartes

Peter Singer

J.S. Mill

Descartes

What two mechanisms make up the deterrence argument?

Group of answer choices

That the purpose of legal punishment is to seek revenge for violations of the law and to deter people from breaking the law, or both

That the purpose of legal punishment is to prevent people from breaking the law and it deters them from doing so, or both

That the purpose of legal punishment is to seek justice and to deter people from breaking the law

That the purpose of legal punishment is retribution for harms done and to deter people from breaking the law, or both

That the purpose of legal punishment is to prevent people from breaking the law and it deters them from doing so, or both

What was ruled in Brown vs. Board of Education?

Group of answer choices

That religion could not be grounds for rejecting a student from college

That affirmative action at Brown University was struck down

That blacks could not have preferential treatment in hiring

That "separate but equal" is inherently unequal

That "separate but equal" is inherently unequal

What year was the Civil Rights Act passed?

Group of answer choices

1954

1963

1973

1964

1964

When was the first Animal Welfare Act passed in the United States?

Group of answer choices

1966

1895

1976

1932

1966

Which country has the highest incarceration rate in the world

Group of answer choices

United States

Russia

China

Singapore

United States

Which of our moral theories is most likely to be used in support of the retribution argument for capital punishment?

Group of answer choices

Categorical imperative

Utilitarianism

Relativism

Virtue ethics

Categorical imperative

Which of the following is a true positive in utilitarian reasoning for capital punishment?

Group of answer choices

It works as an individual deterrent.

It works as a general deterrent.

It saves tax money.

Most Americans support it.

It works as an individual deterrent.

Who cites Mary Wollstonecraft in arguing that "animal liberation" was once parodied, much like the case for women's rights?

Group of answer choices

Peter Singer

Bonnie Steinbock

Nicholas Rescher

Aldo Leopold

Peter Singer

Who holds the view that animals' interests are the basis for their having rights and rights that are equal to humans?

Group of answer choices

Aristotle

Peter Singer

Immanuel Kant

Bonnie Steinbock

Peter Singer