energy balance overview

intake = output

• maintain weight

energy equilibrium

intake > output

• gain weight

positive energy balance

intake < output

• lose weight

negative energy balance

physiological need

• cells saying they need fuel

hunger

signals to stop eating

• need to eat slowly to detect this signal

satiation

lack of hunger between meals

• influenced by fiber and protein

satiety

psychological desire

• advertising for food

• urge to eat for pleasure

• dopamine release

appetite

this hormone stimulates hunger, produced bu the stomach/ pancreas, lowest after eating

grehlin

this hormone produces satiety; SI source

PYY

this hormone produces satiety; SI source

• decreases insulin production

GLP1

this hormone decreases appetite; stomach/ SI source

obestatin

this horn is a long term regulator and induces satiation

• produce by adipose tissue

• highest after eating

• can be unregulated by exercise

leptin

this is the energy that is used for basic body functions

• ongoing activities to sustain life/ health

• 60-75%

  • affected by body size, composition, age, and sex

resting energy expenditure (REE)

this is the energy used to digest, absorb, and metabolize food

• 10%

  • 5% for fats, 8% for carbs, 25% for protein

thermic efect of food (TEF)

what percent of energy burned does form physical activity

15-30%

what are the different ways to expenditure energy

1. resting energy expenditure (REE)

2. physical activity

3. thermic effect

_ is a component of REE in children

• calories for basal metabolism = highest during childhood

growth

basal metabolism can be measured only when you are both _ at rest

physically and emotionally

measure of weight for height to measure body fat

body mass index (BMI)

what category is this for BMI:

under 18.5 kg

underweight

what category of BMI is this:

18.5-25 kg

normal weight

what category of BMi is this:

25-30 kg

overweight

what category of BMI is this:

30 kg or higher

obese

• obesity can be subdivide into more categories

BMi is not always accurate for people what types of people

• ppl with lots of muscle

• inactive skinny couch potato

what are some other tests to access body fat

1. skin fold thickness measures

2. bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

3. underwater weighing

4. MRI

5. DEXA

6. 3D scan

1 in _ children are overweight or obese

1 in 5

_ % of US population is overweight/ obese

75%

there are high rates of obesity in _ nations

developed

_% of 19-34 year olds are pre diabetic

25%

men need to have at least _% body fat

3-5%

women need to have at least _% body fat

10-12%

why do we need body fat

• making hormones

• insulation

• cushion

• prevent infertility, bone loss

women with pear shaped figures that store body fat in hips, thighs, and but are called

gynoid obesity

men and women with apple shaped figures that store body fat in their abdomen are called

android obesity

why is it worse to have apple shape obesity

becuase you become resident to insulin

_ shape figures have a lower waist-to-hip ratio

pear

to decrease the risk of chronic diseases, mens waist size should be less then

40 inches

to decrease the risk of chronic diseases, women’s waist size should be less then

35 inches

obesity is caused by caloric intake exceeding

expenditure

what’s the difference in adipose tissue of someone at a healthy weight vs someone who is obese

the adipose is chemically different

why does the amount/ quality of sleep matter

because we burn fat in our sleep

major weight gain is most likely to happen between ages

25 to 34 years old