Physical Science

What is mechanical energy?

Mechanical energy is the sum of an object’s potential energy and kinetic energy.

What is Thermal Energy?

when atoms and molecules move faster and a rise of

temperature occurs.

What is Electromagnetic energy?

Electromagnetic energy comes from oscillating electric and magnetic fields

that travel together as a wave.

What is Sound energy?

a type of mechanical energy distributed through forms as

water, air, or solids, emanating from the vibrations of an object.

What is Electrical energy?

a form of energy produced by moving electrons,

occurring when charged particles flow through a conductor (ex. wire).

What is Chemical energy?

the energy stored in the chemical bonds of the

molecules that make up a substance.

What is Nuclear energy?

the power stored in the nucleus of an atom, released when

atoms are split or joined.

Stretching a rubber band is an example of _______ energy

Mechanical, because it has potential energy.

When the rubber band is released, the potential energy is converted to

kinetic energy.

________ is the mechanical energy formula

KE+PE

A compressed spring is an example of _______ energy?

Mechanical Energy.

A flying football is an example of ______ energy

Mechanical

The total kinetic energy of the moving atoms and

molecules of an object make up _______energy

thermal energy.

The more heat you add to an object, the more its particles move and the

more _______ energy the object has.

Kinetic (Thermal) energy

Unlike temperature, thermal energy depends on the ______ of a

substance.

amount

What is the random energy of molecules in a substance.

Thermal Energy

Thermal energy comes from the ________ of the molecules and atoms.

Vibrations

Thermal energy always flows from hotter areas to cooler ones. What are the

three primary mechanisms it moves through?

o conduction (direct particle contact)

o convection (fluid or gas movement)

o radiation (electromagnetic waves)

Because of the energy coming from the heat of the atoms, thermal energy is

also called ________.

Heat Energy

A fireplace is an example of what energy?

Thermal

Friction is an example of what energy?

Thermal

Sunlight is an example of energy?

Thermal

_______ waves don’t need air or any physical

medium, which is why sunlight can travel through the vacuum of space to

reach Earth.

Electromagnetic

_______ waves move through space at the speed of light.

Electromagnetic; What makes this

special is that the wave carries itself—it doesn’t need air, water, or any

physical medium.

Visible light, Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma rays are all examples of _____ energy.

Electromagnetic energy

_________ are all the same type of wave; they just differ in

_______ and _______.

Visible light, Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma rays; wavelength and frequency.

________ powers our world by linking electricity and

magnetism to generate, transmit, and utilize energy

Electromagnetism

_______ & _______ help with communication & cooking

Radio & Microwaves

______ energy uses light waves to make electricity

Solar

_______ waves carry energy we can use

Electromagnetic

X-rays & other waves help in _____ and technology.

Medicine

The vibrations of an object (sound energy), are characterized by _____, ______, & ______.

frequency, duration, and amplitude.

The height/strength of the wave.

Amplitude

Large amplitude= ____ sound/ Small amplitude= ____ sound

Loud, soft.

Sound energy can appear in many forms including audible sound heard by

the ______ ear.

human

Audible sound heard by the human ear is ____Hz- ____Khz

20 Hz- 20 Khz

Sound waves are primarily ______ waves

Longitudinal and mechanical

Sound waves are primarily _______ waves

longitudinal waves

sound waves are longitudinal waves because the particles of the

medium ____ back and forth in the ____ direction that the wave travels.

vibrate, same.

Sound waves are often called

_____ waves

pressure

Sound waves are often called pressure waves because they consist of

alternating regions of ____ and _____ pressure

High and low

a region of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are pressed closest together

Compressions

Regions where particles are spread apart, resulting in low

pressure.

Rarefactions

Pitch is determined by the ______

frequency

high pitch = ____ frequency, low

pitch = ____ frequency)

high, low.

Pitch and frequency are ______ related.

directly

banging drums, popping balloons, roaring lions, buzzing chainsaws are all examples of _____ energy

Sound energy

the colors your eyes can see

visible light

Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM/AM radio

Radio waves

microwave ovens, radar

Microwaves

heat lamps, remote controls

Infrared

sunlight that causes tanning

Ultraviolet

medical imaging

X-rays

high-energy radiation from space or nuclear reactions

Gamma rays

The movement of electrons is called _____ ______.

electric current.

Electric current requires a _____ _____ to provide voltage to move

electrons.

power source

Electric currents providing voltage to move electrons can only happen in a ______ circuit.

closed circuit (loop)

Electric energy is the flow of _____ pushed by voltage through a closed

circuit.

electrons

The electric current will stop if the circuit is _____

open (or unplugged)

Switches and breaks ____ and ____ the energy flow.

start and stop

Electrons are unable to power devices without a given _____ or circuit.

direction

______ is anything that slows the current.

Resistance

______ is what makes heat energy

(stove, heaters).

Resistance

_____ electricity is used for fluorescent or neon bulbs.

Static electricity

vacuums, lightning, battery are all examples of ____ energy

electrical energy

All chemical compounds store energy in their ____.

bonds

Fuels such as coal and gasoline have a large amount of ______ _______ energy.

Chemical Potential

This energy is released when a chemical reaction takes place, transforming a

substance into a new substance

Chemical Energy

______ speed up chemical reactions.

Catalysts

During a chemical reaction, bonds in ______ are broken and new bonds

are formed in ______.

reactants, products

If breaking bonds releases more energy than forming new bonds

absorbs, it is _______

exothermic.

if forming new bonds requires more energy than is released from

breaking bonds, the reaction is

endothermic.

Forming bonds ______ energy

releases

Breaking bonds ______ energy

requires

Disposable hand warmers, Car air bags, and Photosynthesis are examples of

Chemical energy

a process that releases energy by splitting atomic

nuclei apart.

Nuclear fission

Nuclear power plants ____ ____ by nuclear fission

generate energy

Most nuclear power plants use atoms of the element _____

uranium

_____ ______ can also be released in a process called nuclear fusion

Nuclear Energy

In nuclear fusion, nuclei of smaller atoms are _____ or ______ together to form a larger atom.

combined or fused

An enormous amount of ______ is released during nuclear fusion.

energy

The heat and light of the sun are produced by the fusion of ______ nuclei into ______ nuclei.

hydrogen, helium

average speed

how fast an object moves over an entire trip

average speed equation

distance/time

motion

the change in an object's position over time compared to a stationary reference point (basically js any movement)

acceleration

the rate at which an object changes its velocity

acceleration formula

A= (Vf - Vi)/t

instantaneous speed

an object's exact speed at a single, specific moment in time

reference point

a stationary place or object used to determine the position, distance, or motion of another object

vector quantity

any physical measurement that requires both a magnitude (size or numerical value) and a direction to be fully defined

Physics

the fundamental science that studies matter, energy, and the forces that make the universe work

Displacement

the shortest straight-line distance from an object's initial position to its final position, including the direction of that movement

Velocity

both the speed of the object and the direction of its motion

frame of reference

a starting point or perspective used to measure and describe motion. (glass elevator going up and person on the ground)

Scalar quantity

a measurement that is described completely by its magnitude (amount or numerical value) along with its unit of measurement, Scalars do not have a direction.

speed

the rate at which an object covers distance

extrapolation

the process of using existing data to estimate or predict values that fall outside the range of your measurements (like if a graph goes up 2 cm every second, u can guess that it keeps going up 2 cm after the graph ends)

speed formula

d/t

𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

m/s but can be anything

Does speed use direction

no