AP world- semester 2 final exam

enlightenment principles

• A shift from tradition and superstition to reason, scientific inquiry and individualism 

• Belief in natural rights and freedom  

• Governments should protect people’s rights  

• Questioning absolute monarchy and church authority 

Beliefs of Thomas Hobbes 

• Thinks people are bad and need to be controlled 

• Leviathon- book that he wrote  

• Government was necessary and without it people’s lives were “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” 

• Thought monarchy was the best form of government 

Principles built into the government of the newly formed United States 

• Separation of powers  

• Checks and balances  

• Popular sovereignty (government gets power from the people)  

• Natural rights: life, liberty, and property  

• Representative democracy 

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" 

• Motto of the French Revolution  

• Means freedom, equal rights, and brotherhood/unity among citizens 

Significance of the Haitian Revolution 

• First successful slave revolt 

• Haiti became the first independent Black republic  

• Inspired independence and anti-slavery movements elsewhere 

Characteristics of the Latin American Independence Movements 

• Inspired by Enlightenment ideas and other revolutions  

• Creoles led many revolts against European control  

• Wanted independence from Spain and Portugal  

• Social inequalities often remained after independence 

Agricultural Revolution II 

• three-field system 

• Seed drill 

Reasons that the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain 

• Proximity to waterways 

• Access to rivers and canals 

• Geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber 

• Large coal and iron supplies  

• Stable government and strong economy  

• Many colonies provided resources and markets  

• Agricultural improvements increased population  

• Rivers and ports helped transportation 

Cottage system vs. Factory system 

• Cottage- all work is done at home, how industrialization started, worker friendly not owner friendly, how industrialization started, less efficient 

• Factory- owners want to be able to supervise- not at home anymore, Work moved to factories, Machines increased production, Owners supervised workers, Long hours and strict conditions 

Characteristics of factory life in the early years of the Industrial Revolution 

• Crowded 

• Harsh conditions 

Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat 

• Marxism 

• Wanted a communist, classless society with no business owners 

• Bourgeoisie- business owners  

• Proletariat- working class and they were sold labor for wages 

Impact of the railroad in the expansion of the continental United States 

• Connected east and west coasts  

• Increased trade and travel  

• Helped settlement of the West  

• Encouraged economic growth  

• Hurt Indigenous peoples through land loss 

 

Manifest Destiny 

• God given right to expand westward 

• Belief that the U.S. was meant to expand across North America  

• Used to justify westward expansion and displacement of Native Americans 

 

Tanzimat Reforms 

• Reforms in the Ottoman Empire  

• Modernized military, education, and government  

• Tried to strengthen and westernize the empire 

Outcome of the Opium Wars 

• Qing China lost to Great Britain  

• China was forced to open trade ports  

• Britain gained Hong Kong  

• Unequal treaties weakened China 

 

Japan before the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry 

• Isolated from most foreign influence  

• Ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate  

• Feudal society with samurai 

Policies of the Meiji Restoration 

• Modernized industry and military  

• Adopted Western technology and education  

• Ended feudalism  

• Strengthened central government 

 

Differing attitudes between Japan, Qing China, and the Ottoman Empire 

• Japan rapidly modernized and industrialized  

• Qing China resisted many changes and weakened  

• Ottoman Empire tried reforms but struggled to keep power 

 

Social reasons for Imperializing 

• National pride and competition  

• Belief in spreading Western culture  

• Missionary work to spread Christianity 

• Imperialism (World War I Context)- A major contributor to the outbreak of World War I by intensifying rivalries as European nations competed for overseas colonies and raw materials. 

Beliefs of Social Darwinists 

• Applied Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” to societies  

• Believed stronger nations/races should dominate weaker ones  

• Used to justify imperialism and racism 

 

Causes of the Sepoy Rebellion (Mutiny of 1857) 

• Indian soldiers upset with British rule  

• Religious concerns over rifle cartridges greased with cow and pig fat  

• Economic exploitation and disrespect for Indian culture 

 

M.A.I.N. causes of WWI 

• Militarism  

• Alliances  

• Imperialism  

• Nationalism
  

The event in Sarajevo that most directly triggered the sequence of alliance obligations leading to the outbreak of World War I.- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 

example of nationalism

(one ex is pan- Africanism- A movement seeking to counter European imperialism by promoting unity and shared identity among people of African descent.) 

total war

A type of conflict demonstrated in World War I through the mobilization of entire societies, including civilians, industries, and economies.

Reasons for US entry into WWI 

• Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare  

• Sinking of the RMS Lusitania- killed many Americans  

• Zimmermann Telegram 

Spanish Flu of 1918 

• Global influenza pandemic  

• Spread rapidly after WWI  

• Killed millions worldwide 

Stipulations of the Treaty of Versailles 

• Germany accepted blame for WWI  

• Germany paid reparations  

• German military limited  

• Lost territory  

• League of Nations created 

Response of the US Government to the Great Depression 

• Franklin D. Roosevelt created the New Deal  

• Government programs created jobs  

• Banks and businesses regulated  

• Social welfare programs expanded 

• New deal- A series of programs designed to address the Great Depression by expanding government involvement in economic recovery and social welfare. 

 

Characteristics of a Totalitarian form of government 

• One-party dictatorship  

• Government controls many aspects of life  

• Use of propaganda and censorship  

• Limited freedoms 

- USSR: Collectivization- A policy under Stalin's Five-Year Plans intended to increase agricultural efficiency through state-controlled farming And  soviet economic system  characterized by centralized state planning of production and resource allocation 

 

Characteristics of Fascism 

• Extreme nationalism  

• Dictatorship and authoritarian rule  

• Militarism  

• Opposition to democracy and communism 

• Caused by interwar political shift- A pattern where economic hardship often contributed to the rise of authoritarianism and increased state control. 

 

Beliefs and actions of Gandhi 

Satyagraha- Gandhi’s strategy for challenging unjust laws through nonviolent civil disobedience. 

• Believed in nonviolent resistance  

• Led protests against British rule  

• Promoted civil disobedience and self-rule for India 

 

Neo-colonialism 

• Indirect control of weaker countries through economics or politics instead of direct rule 

• One example is Porfirio Díaz- The ruler of Mexico whose land ownership patterns clearly reflected control by foreign investors and wealthy elites.

The United Fruit Company 

A prominent example of economic imperialism in Latin America achieved through foreign corporate control. 

Failures of the League of Nations 

• Could not stop aggression by Germany, Italy, and Japan  

• Had no military power  

• Major countries sometimes refused to cooperate 

• League of Nations- An international organization supported by Woodrow Wilson based on the belief that lasting peace required international cooperation and collective security. 

Characteristics of Nationalism 

• Pride and loyalty to one’s nation  

• Can unite people but also create conflict and competition 

Events that led to beginning of WWII 

• Rise of dictators like Adolf Hitler  

• Expansion by Germany, Italy, and Japan  

• Failure of appeasement  

• Germany invaded Poland in 1939 

 

The Holocaust 

• Nazi genocide of Jews and other groups  

• About six million Jews were murdered during WWII 

 

Reasons for the Japanese surrender in WWII 

• Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki  

• Soviet Union declared war on Japan  

• Japan faced overwhelming destruction 

Zionism 

• Movement supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine  

• Led to creation of Israel in 1948 

• Balfour Declaration of 1917- A 1917 statement whose primary significance lay in its support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. 

Great Leap Forward 

• Program by Mao Zedong to rapidly industrialize China  

• Caused widespread famine and millions of deaths 

 

Causes of proxy wars in Korea and Vietnam 

• Cold War rivalry between the U.S. and Soviet Union  

• Fear of spread of communism  

• Competing ideologies: communism vs. capitalism 

Racist policies in South Africa 

• Apartheid system  

• Legal racial segregation and discrimination against Black South Africans 

 

“Tank Man” 

• Unknown protester who stood in front of tanks after the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre  

• Became symbol of resistance 

 

Islamic Revolution of 1979 

• Revolution in Iran that overthrew the shah  

• Created an Islamic republic led by religious leaders 

1980 invasion of Afghanistan 

• Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to support communist government  

• Led to long war and resistance by mujahideen fighters 

 

Osama bin Laden 

• Founder of al-Qaeda  

• Organized terrorist attacks against the United States, including the September 11 attacks