Lab Final - Invertebrate and Mammalian Body Systems

radial symmetry

body parts are arranged around a single central axis; these animals are usually sessile

bilateral symmerty

imaginary plane divides an organism's body into two mirror-image halves

diploblasts

radially symmetrical animals that develop two tissue layers

ectoderm

germ layer that covers the embryo surface and gives rise to outer covering of the body and CNS

endoderm

innermost germ layer that lines the archenteron and will form the gut and give rise to lining of digestive tract and organs

triploblast

bilaterally symmetrical animals that develop three tissue layers

mesoderm

germ layer that is between endoderm and ectoderm and will give rise to muscles and most organs

cleavage

period of rapid cell division during embryonic development

coelom

body cavity

blastopore

first embryonic opening

protostome deveopment

type of development where blastopore develops into the mouth; is found in animals like flatworms, mollusks, roundworms, and arthropods

deuterostome development

type of development where blastopore develops into the anus and includes animals like echinoderms and chordates

acoelomates

animals that have no body cavities and tend to be compact with thin, flat bodies that exchange nutrients, gases, adn wastes across body surface

pseudocoelomate

animals that have false cavity

coelomates

animals that have true body cavities

1. deuterostomes

2. ecdysozoans

3. lophotrochozoans

three groups of the bilaterian clade

ecdysozoans

all invertebrates that secrete an external skeleton that must be shed to allow growth

lophotrochozoans

clade that includes invertebrates that have lophophore and trochophore larval stage

lophophore

ciliated tentacles used for feeding; found in lophotrochozoans

trochophore

free, swimming, ciliated stage

Porifera

invertebrate phylum that contains animals with no true tissues, germ layers, or symmetry; i.e. sponges

cnidaria

invertebrate phylum with animals that are radially symmetrical, have two germ layers, medusa and polyp stage; includes jellies and corals

Acoela

invertebrate phylum that includes flatworms with simple nervous system

Ctenophora

invertebrate phylum that contains diploblastic, radially symmetrical animals that have 8 combs of cilia that propel them through the water; includes comb jellies

lophotrochozoan

invertebrate phylum that includes flatworms, segmented worms, and molluscs; bilaterally symmetrical, acoelomates, and no circulatory systems

nematoda

invertebrate phylum that has animals with bilateral symmetry, 3 germ layers, and are pseudocoelomates; includes roundworms

arthropoda

invertebrate phylum that has 3 germ layers, are coelomates, have jointed appendages; includes crustaceans and insects.

mantle

specialized tissue that lines and secretes two shells made of calcium carbonate

hinge ligament

flexible structure that connects two hard shells of the clam and allows the clam to open

umbo

raised portion near the hinge ligament on the clam

anterior and posterior adductor muscles

muscles on the clam that help the shell close by pulling the valves together

radula

ribbon-like feeding structure covered by rows of tiny teeth that scrap food from surfaces and move them into the mouth

incurrent siphon

opening in the clam where water containing oxygen and food particles enter the body or mantle cavity

excurrent siphon

opening in clam where water and waste exit the body

phylum Arthropoda

Class Crustacea

what phylum and class are crayfish in?

cephalothorax

fused head and thorax covered by a hard protective exoskeleton

carapace

hard protective exoskeleton composed of chitin

1. cephalothorax

2. abdomen

two main regions of the crayfish's segmented body

chelipeds

large claws in crayfish used for defense and handling food

1. telson

2. uropod

what two structures form that crayfish's tailfan

swimmerets

small appendages beneath the crayfish abdomen where eggs are attached to until they hatch

hepatopancreas

digestive gland that produces digestive enzymes in the crayfish

green glands

glands that function in excretion in the crayfish

crayfish

invertebrate that acts as both predator and scavenger; play role in nutrient cycling within freshwater ecosystems

setae

small bristles on earthworms that help anchor the worm as it moves through the soil

clitellum

thickened smooth band involved in reproduction by secreting mucus during mating; found in earthworms

crop

thin-walled storage sac in the earthworm's digestive system

gizzard

thick muscular organ that grinds food in the earthworm

they breathe through moist skin by diffusion

how do earthworms breath?

hermaphroditic

animals that have both male and female reproductive organs; characteristic of earthworms

seminal vesicles

store sperm produced by the worm

seminal receptacles

structures that receive and store sperm from a partner during matin

nephridia

structures that remove nitrogenous waste and carry out excretion in the earthworm

earthworms

animals that significantly enhance soil structure, aeration, and fertility

nictitating membrane

reduced "third" eyelid that moves laterally from the medial corner of the eye, helping to keep it moist and free of debris

pinnae

pig's flexible, external ear

vibrisssae

pig structures that sense and respond to tactile stimuli in the environment

wrists and ankles

provide movement, flexibility, and stability at the limbs

umbilical cord

carries nutrient and oxygen rich blood to the fetus and removes excess metabolic waste product and co2 from fetus

mammary papillae

two rows of nipple-like projections along abdominal region; used to secrete milk in females

hooves

keratinized covering on the forefoot and hindfoot that protect the tips of digits

sternum

bone on the midline of chest that acts as an attachment for ribs and anchor muscles involved in breathing and limb movement

ribs

bones that create protective cage for the heart and lungs and anchor muscles involved in breathing and limb movement

integumentary system

body system that protects the body, regulates body temperature, prevents water loss, and provides sensory info

skin

protective outer covering that acts as a barrier for pathogens, prevents fluid loss, regulates body process, such as temperature, and has sensory reception

muscular system

body system that produces movement, maintains posture, and generates heat

skeleton system

body system that supports the body, protects organs, enables movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells

intercostal muscles

muscles between the ribs; allow rib cage to move by lifting and lowering ribs, allowing chest cavity to expand and contract during breathing

deltoid

muscle on shoulder that lift and rotate forelimb away from body

cardiovascular system

body system that transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes and regulates temperature

pericardial membrane

double-layered membrane that surrounds the heart and protects it

heart

pumps and sends large amounts of blood into blood vessels

atria

chambers in the upper portion of heart that receives blood from body and lungs

ventricles

chambers in lower portion of heart that pump blood out to the lungs and body

superior and inferior vena cava

large veins that bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of heart

pulmonary trunk

large, short artery that takes deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

pulmonary veins

veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs tot he left atrium of the heart

aorta

large artery that leaves the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body

renal arteries

blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the kidneys

renal veins

blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava

umbilical arteries

blood vessels in the umbilical cord that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to to the placenta

umbilical vein

blood vessels that in the umbilical cord that carry oxygenated blood to the fetus from the placenta

respiratory system

organ system that exchanges gases and regulates pH of blood

external nares on the rostral plane

smell and allow air to enter the respiratory system

pharynx

funnel-shaped passageway that connects the mouth and nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus

larynx

structure in trachea that houses vocal cords and aids in routing air and food into proper channels

trachea

tube in thoracic cavity that carries air from larynx to bronchi

lungs

organs involved in breathing and are the sites of gas exchange

diaphragm

muscular organ that allows the thoracic cavity to expand and compress, allowing air to enter the body

salivary glands

produce saliva

saliva

fluid that lubricates food, starts digestive chemical reactions, and produces amylase

hard palate

rigid, bony anterior roof of the mouth that separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

soft palate

smooth, muscular posterior continuation of the hard palate that acts as a movable barrier between the mouth and pharynx

nasopharynx

uppermost region of pharynx that acts as passageway for air moving from nasal passage to oropharynx

glottis

opening in pharynx that serves as entrance to larynx and trachea, and acts as air passage for respiratory system

epiglottis

protective valve that covers trachea during swallowing, preventing food or fluids from entering the airway

esophagus

muscular tubed organ that leads to the stomach and transports food using peristalsis

stomach

muscular organ that stores food and digests it with hydrochloric acid and pepsin

small intestine

organ that digests macromoles and absorbs nutrients and water

cecum

large pouch at the junction of small and large intestine that serves as fermentation chamber where bacteria and protozoans reside