AP Biology Study Guide Pig Dissection

Where does the digestive tract start and end

Mouth to anus

What is the purpose of saliva

to lubricate the oral cavity, to moisten food, and break down sugars in the food

What is the function of the epiglottis

prevents food from entering the trachea and larynx

Fetal pigs receive nourishment from their mothers through the

umbilical cord

The stomach of a fetal pig won't be empty because they drink

Amniotic fluid

How many lobes does the pig's liver have

5

Give the function of the pig's liver

To filter blood and produce bile

Give the function for the gall bladder

Stores, concentrates, and releases bile

Give the function of the pancreas

Regulates blood sugar and digestive enzymes

Name the membranes that attach to the internal organs to the body wall

mesentery, holds the intestines in place while giving structural support for them.

What is visible underneath the liver

Gallbladder

Name the ridges inside the stomach and give their function

Rugae: allows for expansion that increases surface area when consuming food

Sphincter names

Cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter

Cardiac sphincter function

Prevents reflux into the esophagus, allows certain substances to enter the stomach

pyloric sphincter

opening from the stomach into the duodenum, controls the release of Chyme into the small intestine, and prevents food from prematurely leaving the stomach.

The first section of the intestine and its function

Duodenum of the small intestine which uses bile to break down fats and absorbs nutrients

Jejunum function

second part of the small intestine; absorption of nutrients

ileum function

absorbs nutrients, final and longest part of the small intestine

Soupy partially digested food is called

Chyme

Large intestine AKA

Colon

Large intestine function

Reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food

Straight terminal part of the large intestine is the

rectum

Length of small intestine (cm)

300-350

Length of large intestine (cm)

15-56

What part of the intestine stores waste and where is it located

Rectum, at the end of the large intestine

Why is mesentry a purplish color

Rich in blood supply from having many blood vessels

What is the function of the umbilical arteries

To transfer nutrients and oxygen

Which organ filters out and destroys dead blood cells

spleen

Structure of the throat (digestive system)

Epiglottis, cartilaginous rings esophagus, then trachea.

The lungs are found in what body cavity

Thoracic cavity

Name the tissue that covers and protects the lungs

Pleura

Where is the epiglottis & what is its function?

At the base of the tongue to prevent food from entering the respiratory passageways.

Where is the pharynx located

In the middle of the throat

Function of the larynx

Routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech

What keeps the trachea from collapsing

cartilage rings

Where is the diaphragm and give its function

Between heart and liver; to separate organs and distribute oxygen

Does the diaphragm function in the fetus?

No, it gets oxygen from their mother in the umbilical cord

Name the large tubes that enter the lungs

bronchial tubes/bronchi

smaller tubes that branch from the bronchi

bronchioles

Name the air sacs for gas exchange

alveoli

Why do the lungs appear collapsed in the fetus?

The lungs appear collapsed in the fetus because there is no air in them. Blood bypasses the lungs until birth.

Explain how does the diaphragm work to perform its function

It contracts to flatten which increases volume in the thoracic cavity for the lungs to expand. Then it expands which pushes out air in the lungs by reducing volume.

Structure of throat (respiratory system)

Epiglottis, larynx, thyroid, trachea, thymus.

What functions are performed by the circulatory system

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, delivers nutrients, removes waste products, regulated body temperature and pH, and distributes hormones.

What does the thymus gland do?

Produces matured T cells (T lymphocytes)

that fight infection (T Cells are a type of leukocyte)

What happens to the thymus with age?

it shrinks and gets replaced by fatty tissue

What causes heart attacks

A blocked blood flow to the heart for a long time

What is the pericardium

double-walled sac that encloses the heart

What are the differences between the atria and the ventricles

- Atria: 2 superior thin-walled receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart

- Ventricles: 2 inferior chambers that eject blood into the arteries & keep it flowing around the body

Into what heart chamber does the superior and posterior vena cava open

The right atrium

From what chamber does the aorta arise?

left ventricle

To what structure do the pulmonary arteries lead

lungs

What is the function of coronary circulation

Provide a blood supply to the heart

What results when coronary circulation is prevented in humans?

heart attack and death

Describe, in detail, the interior of the lungs

4 lobes in the right lung, 2 lobes in left lung, smooth lining, contains bronchiole tubes and bronchioles.

Path of blood through the heart and lungs

1.) Deoxygenated blood in the superior and inferior vena cava

2.) Goes to the right atrium

3.) To the right ventricle

4.) to the pulmonary artery

5.) to the lungs

6.) to the pulmonary artery

7.) to the let atrium

8.) to the left ventricle

9.) to the aorta

10.) to the body

In order, name the structures through which urine passes from the kidneys.

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, urogenital openings

What are the kidneys responsible for

filtering blood and turning the filtrate into urine

What else do the kidneys do?

Detoxifies blood, produces hormones, and regulate blood pressure and pH levels.

Which blood vessel carries unfiltered blood to the kidneys

renal arteries

What is the function of the ureters

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Where is urine stored

Urinary bladder

What are the functions of the ovaries

oogenesis and hormone production

What happens to fertilized eggs inside of the uterus

Starts developing a fetus

What are the functions of the testicles

Produce sperm and produce testosterone

urogential papilla

small flap of skin from the urogenital opening in a female. Males don't have this in pigs

Oviducts

Passageway that moves eggs away from the ovary and towards the uterus; usual site of fertilization

Thyroid

secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite

Thymus

Gland in the thoracic cavity above the heart where T lymphocytes mature.

Cartilaginous rings

c-shaped rings in the trachea that hold the trachea open at all times

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood and produces enzymes for digestion

Ventral

belly side

Dorsal

Top side

Proximal

Close to the reference point

Distal

Far from the reference point

Cranial/Anterior

Towards the head

Caudal/Posterior

toward the tail

Medial

Close to the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Frontal plane

Divides the top and bottom of the pig

Transverse plane

Divides the front and back of the pig

Sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

capillary gas exchange

exchange of gases between the blood and the body's tissues at the periphery; oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from tissues

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Caecum function

storage organ for ingested food, bacterial fermentation of cellulose, absorptive structure

Pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary veins

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Bile duct

A tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine