Ch. 1 - Precontact North America - Sept. 1

Clovis Artifact

Fluting technology to create spears

Stylistic analysis

Seeing the iconography or designs on artifacts and matching them with other artifacts

Ice Age

Much of North America was covered in glaciers, so there were "bridges" that crossed oceans.

Justification for colonization

To convert to Christianity

Paleo Indian

Indigenous groups in North America before they separated into the cultural groups reflected in recent history and today

Corn

Main agricultural crop, source of food and economy

NW Coast main resource

Salmon

Chemical analysis

Studying the chemical makeup of objects

Traditional science

Based on experimentation.

Yaqui

A Native group in Mexico that were long opposed to occupation; led a revolution, but were destroyed

Agriculture

Domestication of plants

Microscopic analysis

Look at the makeup of certain rocks (minerals) and trace that back to geological origin

Salmon runs

Tribes would organize their entire lives around this time of year

Mutualism

Baseline for the start of trade.

Ice Age theory of population

Much of North America was covered in glaciers, so there were "bridges" that crossed oceans

Homo sapiens origin

1.8 mya in Africa

Paleoindian Period

Pre-Clovis

Folsom

Later culture (post-Clovis)

Glaciers shrinking

interior

Mesoamerica agriculture

Corn

Three sisters

Beans grow up corn stalks, squash provide ground cover

Population increase

Leads to change in political organization

The Formative

Time period after Archaic and before contact

Rough population of Indigenous people before Europeans

About 7,000,000

"A multiplicity of cultures, a single division of labor, reciprocal exchange and social differentiation, but not stratification" (Vehick 2002

39)

Obsidian Cliff (YNP)

11,000 BP (found from Ohio to Canada! )

Independence from Britain

1867

2015

Declared cultural genocide

1927

Native political action forbidden

1951

Indian Act

1966

Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development created

1969

Indian Act of 1876 repealed

1974

Native land claims

1999

Creation of Nunavut Territory (essentially the same powers as a province, but created by acts of legislature rather than legal constitution) → governed by the Inuit

2010

Endorsed 2007 UN declaration (regarding harms done to Native peoples)

1850s

Reform laws

1910

2 main policies

Zapotecs

1980 (pushed back against govt)

Maya

1990 (pushed back against govt)

2012

Govt agreed to protect Mayan sacred lands from mining (technically only 1%)

Norse colonies

982-1400

1721

Colonies re-established

1841

Denmark separates from Norway

1953

Becomes a country within Denmark

2009

autonomous country within Denmark (still not totally independent, but does have a little more self-governance)

Individual trade

Gender specific; social contract with another person

Ceremonial trade

Forming alliances, extended ceremony

Canadian Residential school system

"Kill the Indian in the child"

Canadian Indian Act of 1876

Banned Natives from exercising religion, basic aspects of their culture or language

Canadian Land Act 1888

Shaved off Native American land (similar to Dawes Act in U.S.)

Canadian Indian Act 1951

Granted citizenship and voting rights, freedom to practice religion, establishment of councils, ability to pursue claims against gov't

Major impacts of European contact

Population reduction, loss of culture and language, disruption of economic systems, poor living conditions, psychological stress, changes in territoriality and technology, increased competition and violence

Clovis

First Native American culture in North America; father of all Native American cultures

Trade exchanges...

Goods, culture, relationships, marriage, disease, information

Zuni and the Grand Canyon

Origin story; where their people came from

Colonialist settler-state

Established through violence, genocidal

Environmental management practices

Domestication of plants (corn), domestication of animals, burning, traveling, trade routes