Pathology-Urinary

Renal Agenesis

condition where a kidney does not form

\-over composition

\-modality: US

\-outlook: can live with 1 kidney

Supernumerary Kidney

relatively rare

\-consists of the presence of a 3rd small kidney that has limited function

\-location: below kidneys

\-modality: US, MRI, CT

Hypoplastic Kidney

kidney that has developed less than normal in size

\-contains normal nephron function, but contains fewer nephrons

Hyperplastic Kidney

over development of a cells within the kidney

\-compensatory kidney

Ectopic Kidney

may be found in various locations

\-pelvic kidney (most common)

\-crossed kidney

\-intrathoracic kidney (least common)

Horseshoe Kidney

both kidneys are malrotated and their lower poles are fused

\-most common type of fusion anomaly

Uretercoele

dilation and outpouching of the distal ureter into the bladder

\-cause: stenosis, stone

\-radiographic appearance: “cobra head”

Bladder Diverticula

out-pouching of the bladder

\-diagnosis: cystogram

\-bladder may require surgical reconstruction

\-common in middle aged men

Cystocele

supportive tissue between a women’s bladder and vaginal wall weakens and stretches, allowing the bladder to bulge into the vagina

Renal Duplication

most common congenital renal tract abnormality

\-2 renal systems

\-the 2 ureters can empty separately or individually into the bladder

Polycystic Kidney Disease

genetic kidney disorder

\-multiple cysts of varying sizes replace the renal collecting tubules

\-modality: US, CT

\-radiographic appearance: “swiss cheese”

Pyelonephritis

inflammation of the kidneys, calyces, and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic bacteria

\-most common renal disease

Cystitis

inflammation of the urinary bladder due to bacteria entering bladder

\-more prevalent in women

Renal Failure

result of continual kidney inflammation

Urea

organic chemical compound, that is essentially the waste produced by the body after metabolizing protein

Vesicovaginal Fistula

abnormal fistula tract extending between the bladder and the vagina

\-allows the continuous involuntary discharge of urine into the vaginal vault

\-tissue damage caused by childbirth, radiation, or IBD

Kidney Stones

stones most commonly form in the kidney

\-asymptomatic until they lodge in the ureter and cause partial obstruction resulting in extreme pain (renal colic)

\-modality: CT, X-ray

Staghorn Calculus

type of kidney stone that fills the entire renal pelvic area

Bladder Stones

stone formation in the bladder is primarily a disorder of elderly men who has had repetitive obstructions or infections

\-single or multiple

\-can range in size

Phlebolith

small local, usually rounded, calcification within a pelvic vein

\-there are very common in the veins of the lower part of the pelvis, and they are generally of no clinical importance

Urinary Tract Obstruction (Hydronephrosis)

dilation of renal pelvis, calyces, and ureter

\-cause: urinary calculi, urethral strictures, prostate enlargement, ureterocele

\-associated with: hydroureter and hydronephrosis

Renal Cyst

most common fluid filled unifocal masses of the kidney

\-radiographic appearance: radiolucent masses

\-modality: US

Renal Cell Carcinoma

most common renal neoplasm

\-found predominantly in patients over 40 years old

\-cause: obesity, hypertension, chronic inflammation from obstruction

\-modality: CT

Wilm’s Tumor

Nephroblastoma

\-most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and childhood

\-may be bilateral and tends to become very large

\-usually asymptomatic

\-highly malignant

Bladder Carcinoma

clearly related to cigarette smoking and industrial chemicals

\-radiographically appears as one or more polyp defects arising from the bladder wall

\-best procedure for diagnosis: cystoscope

\-modality for staging: MRI