Cardiovascular and Endocrine Med Serg Test

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

The heart and vascular system

What is the main responsibility of the heart?

mainly responsible for pumping blood to the body through the vascular system so the tissues if the body can receive needed oxygen and nutrients

What are the layers of the heart?

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

How many chambers is the heart divided into?

4 chambers

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Left atrium

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

What is the endocardium?

Inner most layer of the heart

made of endothelial tissue and lines the heart and valves

What is the myocardium?

- Middle layer of the heart made

- consists of muscle fibers

- thickest layer of the heart

What is the Epicardium?

- considered the outer layer

- consists of serous layer that protects the heart

What is the pericardium?

The fibrous save that surrounds the heart

What are the valves of the heart?

Atrioventricular Valves (AV) and Semilunar Valves

What are the atrioventricular valves?

Mitral and tricuspid valves

What does the AV valves separate?

Separate the atria from the ventricles

What are the semilunar valves?

Pulmonic valves and aortic valve

What do the semilunar valves separate?

- Right ventricle from pulmonary artery

- Left ventricle from aorta

What is the role of the conduction system of the heart?

Role of the conduction system of the heart is responsible for generating and transmitting electrical impulses that make the heart beat in a coordinated rhythmic way

What is the conduction system pathway?

SA Node ....... AV Node........ Bundle of His........ Purjunke Fibers

Where is the SA node located and what is it known as?

- Located in the right atrium

- Known as the natural pacemaker; sets the heart rate and rhythm

Why is the job of the Atrioventricular ( AV )Node ?

- delays the impulse briefly

- allows ventricles to fill with blood before contracting

What does the Bundle to His do?

carries impulses from the AV node into the ventricles

What does the Purkinje Fibers do?

- spreads the impulse throughout the ventricles

- causes the ventricles to contract and pump blood into the lungs and body

Contractions phase is

Systole

Relaxation phase is

Diastole

What is the cardiac output?

the total amount of blood ejected from one ventricle of the heart

What is a healthy cardiac output in an adult at rest generally?

5 to 6 L/min

What are the main factors that control stroke volume?

Preload , After-load, contractility

What is preload?

Amount of blood in ventricles before contraction

What is after-load?

The pressure ventricles must overcome to pump blood out

What is contractility?

The strength of the heart muscle contraction

What can a S1 heart sound heard indicate?

Indicates closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

What can a S2 heart sound indicate?

Signifies closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

What are S3 and S4 heart sounds considered?

Abnormal heart sounds and are best heard with the bell of the stethoscope?

What can S3 heart sound mean?

- S3 can be a normal heart sounds in children and adults up to age 40

- S3 hearts sounds in adults older than 40 could indicate heart failure

What are murmurs?

Indicate turbulent blood flow through healthy or diseased valves

What are systolic murmurs heard?

Auscultated between S1 and S2

What are diastolic murmurs heard?

Auscultated between S2 and S1

What is Coronary Artery Disease?

heart condition where the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup

What is the main cause of Coronary Artery Disease?

Fatty deposits of plaque build up inside the coronary arteries reducing blood flow to the heart

What is atherosclerosis?

Progressive build-up of plaque in the arteries causing narrowing or occlusion

What are nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD?

Age

Sex

Family history

Race/ethnicity

What are modifiable risk factors for CAD?

Inactivity

Poor sleep

Tobacco Use/vaping

Obesity

Hyperlipidiemia

Hypertension

Diabetes

Stress

What is low density Lipoproteins known as ?

Bad Cholesterol

- Excess LDL can back up and build up in artery walls

Where does LDL carry cholesterol?

carrier cholesterol from liver to body tissues

What are high-density lipoproteins (HDL)?

"Good Cholesterol"

transports cholesterol from blood and tissues back to the liver

What does HDL do?

- Remove cholesterol to protect arteries

- helps reduce plaque buildup

What is Stable Angina vs Unstable Angina?

stable: chest pain that stops when the trigger stops!

unstable:chest pain occurs at rest or minimal activity

What are S3 and S4 heart sounds considered?

Abnormal heart sounds and are best heard with the bell of the stethoscope?

What can S3 heart sound mean?

- S3 can be a normal heart sounds in children and adults up to age 40

- S3 hearts sounds in adults older than 40 could indicate heart failure

What are murmurs?

Indicate turbulent blood flow through healthy or diseased valves

What are systolic murmurs heard?

Auscultated between S1 and S2

What are diastolic murmurs heard?

Auscultated between S2 and S1

What is Coronary Artery Disease?

heart condition where the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup

What is the main cause of Coronary Artery Disease?

Fatty deposits of plaque build up inside the coronary arteries reducing blood flow to the heart

What is atherosclerosis?

Progressive build-up of plaque in the arteries causing narrowing or occlusion

What are nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD?

Age

Sex

Family history

Race/ethnicity

What are modifiable risk factors for CAD?

Inactivity

Poor sleep

Tobacco Use/vaping

Obesity

Hyperlipidiemia

Hypertension

Diabetes

Stress

What is Stable Angina vs Unstable Angina?

stable: chest pain that stops when the trigger stops!

unstable:chest pain occurs at rest or minimal activity

What medication can stable and unstable angina be treated with?

nitroglycerine

What is variant angina?

chest pain caused by a temporary heart artey spasm

When does variant angina occur?

happens at rest; often occurs at night or early morning

What are the s/s of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

- chest discomfort; pain can radiate to the left arm , neck, jaw, back

- angina

- diaphoresis

- dizziness

- nausea

- shortness of breath

What is Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

"heart attack" ; when blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing part of the heart muscle to becomes damaged or dies

What is the main cause of a myocardial infarction (MI)?

coronary artery disease

What is ischemic heart disease?

condition where the heart muscle done not get enough oxygen-rich blood

As the nurse, what can you do for a patient suffering from CAD?

- obtain a complete history and physical from the patient, recognizing s/s of the disease and providing interventions

- educate clients on risk factors/lifestyle changes, DASH diet, more physical activity, maintaining healthy weight

Describe cholesterol transport

how cholesterol moves through the blood using particles called lipoproteins

What are the main types of cholesterol transport?

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

What does hormonal homeostasis refer to maintaining?

stable internal condition within the body

Most hormone regulation occurs through what feedback systm mechanism?

negative feedback mechanism

When hormone levels increase ,what will the gland do?

decrease or stop secretion

What is the main control pathway of the endocrine system?

hypothalamaus....... Pituitary Gland....... Target Endocrine Gland

What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

- TRH

- CRH

- GnRH

- GHRH

What type of hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

- ADH ( vasopressin)

- Oxytocin

What kind of hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

T3 ( triiodothroine)

T4 (thyroxine)

Calcatonin

What kind of hormones does the parathyroid secrete?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What kind of hormone does the pancrease secrete?

insulin

glucagon

What kind of hormones does the andrenal cortex secrete?

Cortisol

Aldosterone

Androgens

What kind of hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

What are the functions of growth hormones?

stimulate body growth

cell reporduction

metabolism

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

controls water balence by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys

What is the function of T3 and T4 hormones?

regulate metabolism

energy production

body temperature

What is the function of insulin ?

lowers blood glucose by moving glucose into the cells

What is the function of glucagon?

raises blood glucose by stimulating glucose release from the liver

What is the function of cortisol?

helps the body respond to stress and increases blood glucose

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

rasies blood calcium levels

What is the result of type 1 diabetes?

autoimmune destruction of the pancreastic beta cells causing little or no insulin porduction

What is type 2 diabetes caused by?

insulin resistence and decreased insulin effectiveness

What type of therapy does type 1 diabetes usually require?

insulin therapy

What is type 2 diabetes usually associated with ?

insulin resistance

Who is type 1 diabetes most common in?

children and young adults

Who is type 2 diabetes most common in?

adults

What is the main treatment for type 2 diabetes?

lifestyle first, medication second

What is hypoglycemia?

low blood glucose levels (below 70mg/dL)

What are the causes of hypoglycemia?

- too much insulin

- skipping meals

- excess exercise

- alcohol use

What is considered being hypoglycemic?

below 70 mg/dL

What are the s/s of hypoglycemia?

- cold & clammy

- confusion

- shakiness

- hunger

- dizziness

- rapid HR

What is hyperglycemia?

high blood glucose levels

What are the causes of hyperglycemia?

- too little insulin

- stress

- illness/infection

- high carbohyrdate intake

What are the s/s of hyperglycemia?

- increased thirst (polydipsia)

- Frequent urination (polyuria)

- very hungry (polyphagia)

- blurred vision

- fatigue

- dry mouth

- fruity breath (DKA)

What are the microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus?

- Diabetic retinopathy

- Diabetic neuropathy

- Diabetic nephropathy