Psych

Craig walks from outside on a bright sunny day into a dark movie theater. Which of the following types of cells are initially responsible for his adaptation to the darker space?

Rods, which are responsible for adaptation to different light levels

Jenna used treats to train a pig to put a wooden coin into a toy machine. She began by giving a treat whenever the pig got close to the coin. Then, she only gave the pig a treat when it touched the coin with its snout. After that, she only gave the pig a treat when it picked up the coin with its teeth. Eventually, Jenna only gave the pig a treat when it picked up the coin and put it into the toy machine. 

Shaping

Which of the following theories predicts that someone who experiences too much anxiety will likely be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder?

Arousal theory

Derek is in seventh grade. Derek’s friends and family have noticed that Derek’s voice is getting deeper, and he has more facial hair.

Secondary sex characteristics

Researchers examined infants’ depth perception in what is known as the visual cliff experiment. Which of the following statements might be an ethical concern related to using a visual cliff with infants?

Infants could have experienced distress when they looked at the visual drop or were encouraged by their mothers to cross it.

Because violent crimes often become the lead story in news headlines, which of the following psychological concepts best explains why participants may have overestimated the crime rate for each year from 2002 to 2016?

Availability heuristic

Wyatt can hold a bottle between his fingers and palm at age six months, yet he is unable to grasp a piece of cereal between his thumb and index finger until age nine months.

The exact age at which each grasping technique develops varies from infant to infant, but the order in which these physical stages occur is the same.

Which of the following best describes the experimental group in this research design?

The group that watched a commercial for the shoes featuring a physically attractive celebrity was the experimental group.

Which of the following psychological perspectives is linked most closely to the research presented in the study?  

Behavioral

Which of the following concepts best explains Leo’s interpretation of his physical responses in this scenario?

Cognitive appraisal

Which of the following is the best example of a behavior reinforced on a variable-interval schedule?

Tae sends an important text message to her boss to ask if she can miss work to attend a game. She keeps checking her phone to see if her boss has responded because she does not know how long it will take for them to respond.

When examining case studies of individuals diagnosed with dissociative disorders, which of the following have researchers found to be true?

Dissociative disorders develop as a way for individuals to cope with trauma. 

As part of the selection process for program placement and apprenticeship opportunities, a college requires that applicants take a standardized intelligence test. Which of the following actions must the college take for this practice to be ethical?

Ensure the confidentiality of the applicants

Which of the following hypotheses would a psychologist interested in the forgetting curve most likely investigate?

Students will remember lecture information 15 minutes after the lecture ends better than students will remember that information 60 minutes after the lecture ends.

Myketa is a first-year college student who recently forgot to turn in three assignments. When she realized, Myketa complained to her roommate that professors never remind students about upcoming deadlines. She said that professors really want to make students fail their courses.

Rationalization

Dr. Smith, who is a proponent of operant conditioning to improve behavior, attends a conference where he hears researchers present findings from their research on various reinforcement schedules. Whenever the results are not what he expects, Dr. Smith views the study designs as flawed and maintains his current beliefs about operant conditioning.

Confirmation bias

A therapist is helping Marco, who is depressed, think more realistically about events in his life. Which of the following approaches to therapy is most consistent with this scenario?

Cognitive

Diedre took a yearlong psychology course in which brain structures were discussed in multiple units. At first, she had a hard time remembering the various functions of each brain structure. After learning about them and reviewing them in several different contexts, she can quickly and easily retrieve the function of each brain structure even months later.

Long-term potentiation