G11 Bio unit 3: biodiversity

Biodiversity

All different kinds of living organisms within a certain area

can be counted by both # of species and individuals

Ecosystem

Composed of Abiotic + Biotic factors

How does Biodiversity support recovery

Large diversity helps ecosystems survive disease, climate change similar to adaptation

Species

Group of individuals who members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Who invented Taxonomy and how does if classify

Carl Linnaeus - using evolutionary background and structural features

Order of Taxa

K, P, C, O, F, G, S

Entire Human Taxa

Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primate, Hominidae, Homo, Sapiens

traits of prokaryotes

• No true nucleus

• Plasmid

• Flagellum to move

• single chromosome

• Asexual

• many are Anaerobic

Eukaryotes

• DNA in membrane bound nucleus

• Meiosis and mitosis

• Sexual reproduction

• multi cellular

• Mostly aerobic

3 domains

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

Anaerobes

Can survive w/o oxygen

Thermophiles

Hot environments

Psychrophiles

Cold Environments

Acidophiles

Low PH levels

Methanogens

thrive in methan conditions, Dont need O2

Halophiles

High salt

What kind of DNA

Circular, single

How do bacteria reproduce

Binary Fission

Types of Autotrophs

Photosynthesis + Chemosynthesis

Obligate Aerobe

Needs O2

Obligate Anaeobe

NO O2

Facultative Anaerobe

W or W/O O2

Gram positive

appears purple, NO extra membrane

Gram Negative

Pink, HAS extra membrane Wha

What is extra layer on gram negative bacteria

Lipopolysaccharide

Pili + another function

tiny hairs that help cell adhere to surfaces

• Can form conjugation bridge

Chromosome

single loop of DNA that controls functions

Plasmids

Accessory DNA containing modifications

• ABX resistance

Capsule

Found outside SOME bacteria and can Store nutrients and protect

4 stages in bacteria growth graph

1. Lag

2. Log

3. Stationary

4. Decline

Nucleoid

contains bacterial Chromosomes and is Control center

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthesis producers in aquatic ecosystems

4 diff -coccus shapes

Singular - coccus

pair - Diplococcus

Line - streptococcus

Grape clump - Staphylococcus

3 diff types of bacillus

singular - Bacillus

pair - diplobacillus

Line - Streptococcus

Spiral

-Sprilium

Comma shape

-vibrio

Transduction

DNA is transferred between bacteria through bacteriophages

Transformation

Bacteria absorbed naked DNA from environment

Conjugation

Passes plasmids or chromosomes using conjugation bridge

Bacteria as decomposers

recycle dead and release their nutrients back into environment

Nitrogen fixation

Some bacteria have enzymes that enables them to convert N2 into a useable form

Producers

Chemosynthesis & photosynthesis start the food chain

• Deep ocean vents convert H2S into energy

Symbiotic relationships

• lives in hosts

• guts

• prevents skin infections

Pathogenic

Bacteria that causes disease only a small %

release toxins

mechanics that pathogens use

• poison

• interference

• over stimulate

Over stimulation of cells

Causing them to operate more than they’re capable of

Interfere

with cell signaling

Biofilms

a matrix of POLYSACCHARIDE formed by some bacteria

• Can trap other bacteria

• Protects bacteria from environment and ABX

What does Peptidoglycan do

In cell wall and retains cell shape & Pressure

Composition of Peptidoglycan

Protein + Polysaccharides

What are ABX

Naturally produced by microbes and bacteria to reduce competition

Who discovered penicillin + what is it

Made of blue green mold - Alexander Flemming

5 methods of actions of ABX

1. damage cell membrane

2. Damage cell wall

3. prevent protein synthesis

4. Prevent DNA replication

5. Interfere w/ metabolism

viruses

small non-living infectous agents

What are viruses required to have

Capsid + nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

Host specific

can only attack specific types like animals or humans or even organ systems

Bacteriophages

Viruses that target bacteria cells

Narrow host range + eg

One species like human small box and humans

Broad host range + eg

infect large range like Rabies and mammals

Bacteria shapes + description

Helical - Single chain of CAPSOMERE around Nucleic acid in a spiral

Icosahedral - Triangular faces that form a sphere

Complex - A mix and match of everything

Envelope

extra layer from host’s membrane that wraps around virus as it leave host

Contains VIRAL PROTEINS

viral proteins

Helps virus identify and bind on to receptor sites on host’s membrane

CAN Help avoid IMMUNE SYSTEM

Lytic cycle

reproduction cycle for rapid acting bacteria

Lysogeny

Viral DNA in dormant state, reproducing with host untill TRIGGERED

1 step in Lytic cycle

Attachment

• pachteriophage attaches to host cell’s surface

step names in lytic cycle

1. attachment

2. penetration

3. biosynthesis

4. assembly

5. lysis

2nd step in Lytic cycle

PENETRATION

• Viral DNA is injected into host

3rd step in Lytic cycle

Biosynthesis

• Phage DNA replicated & phage proteins are made

4th step in Lytic cycle

Assembly/Mature

• new phage particles are assembled

5th step in Lytic cycle

LYSIS

• cell lysis’s (bursts) and newly made phages leave

Lysogenic cycle

1. attachment

2. incorporation

3. division

4. trigger

5. biosynthesis

6. assembly/mature

7. lysis

1st step in Lysogenic cycle

Attachment and penetration

2nd step in Lysogenic cycle

Phage DNA is incorperated into Hosts

3rd step in Lysogenic cycle

Cell divides and prophages DNA is also replicated into daughter cells

4th step in Lysogenic cycle

Under stressful conditions, prophage DNA exits host and enters lytic cycle at biosynthesis phase

Prions

“Mad cow disease” Misfolded proteins in nervous system that is passed by eating them.

• Causes ur own proteins to be misfolded

• spongy brain

Retro viruses

Virus w RNA (single stranded)

• Must be turned into DNA using REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE to mesh w host’s DNA

Viroids

Infectious naked RNA that causes disease in plants

• Interferes w/ function + formation of RNA in host’s cells

Examples of Harmful Bacteria

TB, typhoid fever, bubonic plague

Ways that viruses are harmful

• puts burden on host cell

• destroy cell’s and tissue

  • produces TOXINS

ABX

chemicals that inhibit growth or destroyed microorganisms

Antibiotic resistance

contains resistance factors

what is a resistance factor

PLASMIDS w/ special gene that codes for ENZYMES that inactivate specific drugs

Types of food poisoning bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus

Salmonella

Botulism

Staphylococcus aureus

bacteria that lives on food, CANNOT be killed by cooking

Salmonella

lives on egg and meat, killed by cooking

Botulism

Anaerobic bacteria found in canned foods that is deadly

Saprophytes

Digestive bacteria w enzymes that cna break down material to be absorbed by others

Nitrogen Fixing bacteria

Breaks down nitrogen in environment into useable form for plants

Bio mediation

bacteria used to treat oil spills/pollution

Probiotic agents

FOR LIFE - disease prevention

Industrial bacteria

Use enzymes harvested by industrial fermenters

Protista reproduction

Mostly asexual like binary fission but also sexual if nessessary

Types of cells for protista

only Eukaryotes

Number of cell - Protista

Mostly Uni but some Multi

Number of cell - Eubacteria

UC

Number of cell - archaebacteria

UC

Number of cell - Animalia

MC

Number of cell - Fungi

Mostly MC some UC

Which kingdoms can be autotrophs

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria plantae, protists,