NAC CH 4

What is homeostasis

It is a condition in which all of the body systems are working at their best

Anterior or ventral

The front of the body or body part

Posterior or dorsal

The back of the body or body part

Superior

Toward the head

Inferior

Away from the head

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

To the side away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the Torso

Distal

Farther away from the Torso

What is the largest organ and system of the body

Skin

What kind of organ is the skin

Sense organ

Dilate

Widen

Constrict

Narrow

In Darker complexions what changes should you look for in the tissue or skin

An orange peel look or purplish Hue and extremely dry crust like areas that might be covering a tissue break

How many bones are in the human body

206

What do muscles do

Muscles provide movement of body parts to maintain posture and produce heat

Atrophy

When the muscle waste away decreases in size and becomes weak

Contracture

Develops when the muscle or tendon shortens becomes inflexible and freezes in position

What is arthritis

A general term for inflammation or swelling of the joints it is an autoimmune disease

Autoimmune illness

causes the body's immune system to attack normal tissue in the body

Rheumatoid arthritis

Can affect people of all ages joints become red, swollen and very painful

Osteoarthritis

Called degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis often affects older people

Osteoporosis

Causes bones to become porous and brittle it occurs more commonly in women after menopause

What causes a hip fracture

It is caused by an accident or by osteoporosis

When dressing a patient that has had a hip replacement what is one important guideline that you should remember

Dress the weaker side first

Partial weight-bearing

The resident is able to support some body weight on one or both legs

Non weight-bearing

The resident is unable to touch the floor or support any weight on one or both legs

Full weight-bearing

Means both legs can bear a hundred percent of the body weight on a step

What are some guidelines for hip replacement

1 dress the weaker side first

2 Follow the care plan exactly even if the resident wants to do more

3 crossing the resident not to sit with her legs crossed the hip cannot be bent or flexed more than 90 degrees it could not be turned inward or outward

4 when transferring from bed use a pillow between the thighs to keep a leg separate

5 with chair and toilet transfers the operative leg should be straight into the stronger leg should stay in first then the foot of the affected leg can be brought back to the walking position

What can be used to help control blood clots

Apply a special stocking as ordered one type is a compression stocking it is plastic Air filled sleeve like device that is applied to the legs and hooked to a machine

What does the nervous system do

It is the control center of the body it controls and coordinates all body functions the nervous system also senses and interprets information from outside the human body works together with the skin organ

What are the two main parts of the nervous system

1 the central nervous system

2 peripheral nervous system

What happens during a stroke

Occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures within the brain brain cells begin to die

Hemiplegia

Paralysis on one side of the body

Expressive aphasia

Trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing

Dysphasia

Difficulty swallowing

What are some guidelines for caring for a patient who have had a stroke

1 Residents of paralysis weakness or loss of movement will usually have physical or occupational therapy

2 being confused or having memory loss are upsetting people often cry for no apparent reason after suffering a stroke

3 when helping with transfers or walking always use a gait belt for safety, stand on the weaker side and support the weaker side lead with the stronger side

4 dress the weaker side first

5 phrase questions in a yes or no form

Parkinson's

causes a section of the brain to degenerate and causes stooped posture and shuffling gait or walk it can also cause pill rolling.

Multiple sclerosis

a progressive disease that affects the central nervous system.

Guidelines for caring for a patient with multiple sclerosis

1 Give the resident plenty of time to communicate. 2 prevent Falls which may be due to a lack of coordination fatigue or vision problems.

Head injuries

can cause permanent brain damage, they may have intellectual disability, personality changes, breathing problems, seizures, coma, memory loss, loss of consciousness, paresis and paralysis.

Paraplegia

Loss of function of the lower body and legs.

Quadriplegia

Loss of function in the legs, trunk and arms.

Major sense organs

Ears, eyes, nose, tongue and skin. They are all part of the central nervous system.

Cataract

develops when the lens of the eye, which is normally clear, becomes cloudy; this prevents light from entering the eye. Vision blurs and dims initially, vision is eventually lost entirely.

Glaucoma treatment

It is treated with eye drops and other medication and sometimes with surgery.

Circulatory system

supplies food, oxygen and hormones to cells. It also supplies the body with infection-fighting blood cells, removes waste products from cells and helps control body temperature.

Hypertension

High blood pressure; a measurement of 140 / 90 or higher is considered hypertension.

Angina pectoris

Chest pain, pressure or discomfort.

Importance for patients with angina pectoris

Rest!

Rest

Reduces the need for oxygen and helps the blood flow return to normal often within 3 to 15 minutes.

Diet for myocardial infarction

Residents may be on a diet that is low in fat and cholesterol and are low in sodium and encourage residents to follow special diets.

Excess fluids in congestive heart failure

Medications help remove excess fluids; this means more trips to the bathroom.

Respiration

The body taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide involves breathing in.

Expirations

Breathing out.

Inspiration

Breathing in.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Causes trouble with breathing, especially in getting air out of the lungs.

Sitting position for COPD patients

It helps residents with COPD to sit upright and lean forward slightly.

Breathing technique for COPD

Encourage pursed lip breathing; it involves inhaling slowly through the nose and exhaling slowly through pursed lips as if about to whistle.

Functions of the urinary system

The urinary system eliminates waste products created by the cells and maintains the water balance in the body.

Guidelines for treating UTIs

1. UTIs are more common in women. 2. Encourage residents to wipe from front to back after elimination. 3. Encourage plenty of fluids. 4. Taking showers rather than baths helps prevent UTIs.

Gastrointestinal system

its two functions are digestion and elimination.

Digestion

The process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells.

Elimination

The process of expelling solid waste.

Normal signs of aging in the gastrointestinal system

1. Decreased saliva production. 2. Dull sense of taste. 3. Absorption of vitamins and minerals decreases. 4. The process of digestion takes longer. 5. Body waste moves more slowly through the intestines.

Constipation

The inability to eliminate stool or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of hard dry stool.

Hemorrhoids

Enlarged veins in the rectum.

Diarrhea

The frequent elimination of liquid or semi-liquid feces.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A chronic condition in which liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus.

Guidelines for GERD

1. Serve the evening meal three to four hours before bedtime. 2. Serve the largest meal of the day at lunchtime and several small meals throughout the day.

Stoma

An artificial opening in the abdomen.

Endocrine system

Is made up of glands in different areas of the body; keyword: pancreas and diabetes.

Observations for endocrine system related to diabetes

1. Loss of appetite or increased appetite. 2. Increased thirst. 3. Frequent urination or any change in the urine output.

Types of diabetes

Type 1: usually diagnosed in children and young adults. Type 2: most common form of diabetes in adults.

Guidelines for diabetics

1. Proper foot care; give foot care as directed, diabetics have poor circulation. 2. Encourage residents to wear comfortable, well-fitting leather shoes that do not hurt their feet; cotton socks are best to absorb sweat.

Normal signs of aging in the male reproductive system

Sperm production decreases, prostate gland enlarges which can interfere with urination.

Normal signs of aging in the female reproductive system

Menstruation ends, decrease in estrogen, and vaginal walls become drier and thinner.

Immune system

protects the body from disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and organisms.

Nonspecific immunity

Protects the body from disease in general.

Specific immunity

Protects against a particular disease that is invading the body at a given time.

Lymph

A clear yellowish fluid that carries disease-fighting cells called lymphocytes.

Guidelines for residents with HIV or AIDS

1. A person with nausea or vomiting should eat small frequent meals. 2. Numbness, tingling, and pain in the feet and legs is usually treated with medication; wearing loose soft slippers may be helpful. If blankets cause pain, use a bed cradle.

Tumor

A group of abnormally growing cells.

Benign tumor

Considered non-cancerous; keyword: be nice.

Malignant tumor

Cancerous tumor; keyword: mean.

Treatments for cancer

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation.

Guidelines for NA with residents with cancer

Respect the needs of the resident, be honest and never say everything will be ok; be sensitive and remember that residents may not want to talk about it.

Guidelines for residents with cancer

1. Give back rubs for comfort and increase circulation. 2. Use lotion on dry or delicate skin but do not apply lotion to areas receiving radiation therapy. 3. Help residents brush and floss teeth regularly; do not use commercial mouthwash or any mouthwash with an alcohol base.