psych 2 exam 3

Industrial Organizational Psychology

• branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of behavior in work settings

• how to use human resources to increase efficiency and productivity

Origins of Industrial Organizational Psychology

• determine the most efficient methods for performing any work-related task

• time and motion studies

• assembly lines

• selection and recruitment of military recruits

Ergonomics/human factors

• Intersection of engineering and psychology

• Focuses on safety and efficiency of human-machine interactions

• comfort + efficiency

Hawthorne studies

• How work conditions influence productivity

  • effect of light intensity on work

Hawthorne Effect

• Individual productivity increases when workers are singled out and made to feel important

• performance is subject to social pressures and group norms

• behavior changes when one is aware of being observed

Parts of industrial psychology

• job analysis and evaluation

• employee selection

• training

• performance appraisal

Employee Selection

• recruitment

• Testing

  • is the subject cut out for the job

• interview

• Work sample

  • how will the employee perform at certain tasks

Training

• orientation, Training, and mentoring

• Focus on building skills

Performance Appraisal

• Evaluating a person’s success at their job

• Bias

  • Halo affect, leniency errors, severity errors

• 360 degree feedback

Halo effect

• the tendency for positive impressions of a person based on their attractiveness

Leniency/Severity errors

• Being too nice or strict when evaluating

360 degree feedback

• getting appraisal from different people

  • coworkers, employer, customer…

Organizational psych

• A management approach that emphasizes the importance of factors such as morale, attitude, values, and human treatment of workers

• “Do the employed enjoy working here?”

Parts of Organizational psychology

• management approaches

• Job satisfaction

• employee commitment

• Meaning of work

• Leadership

Job satisfaction

• fairness of compensation

• Personality characteristics of individuals

  • how does their personality mesh with the work

• Cultural influences

  • overall vibe

Affective commitment

• employee’s emotional commitment to the organization they work for

Continuance commitment

• Continue the job because of previous time investments

• cost of leaving the organization is too high

Normative Commitment

• feeling of responsibility or obligation towards job or company

Meaning of work

Job, Career, Calling

Job (meaning)

• seeing work as income

Career (meaning)

• seeing job as a stepping stone or advancement

Calling (meaning)

• Feeling fulfillment from the work itself.

psychopathology

study of mental illness and its symptoms

“What is normal?”

• conforming, adhering to, or constituting a usual or typical standard, pattern, level or type

carl jung what is normal

an ideal person whose happy blend of character is a rare occurence

psychological disorder (APA)

• significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

  • disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction

  • also lead to significant distress or disability in one’s life

DSM

• Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

• makes psychological diagnoses more effective

• insurance billing purposes

Diagnosis

Appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms

Supernatural perspective

• behavior outside the norm attributed to supernatural causes

demonology

The idea than an evil spirit can dwell in a person and control their mind or body

Trephination

The oldest documented surgical procedure, where holes are drilled into the skull to give a ready method of escape for confined demons.

The biological Perpective

• View that psychological disorders are linked to biological phenomena

  • genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities

• Supported by evidence that most psychological disorders have a genetic component

psychosocial perspective

• integrates both biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder

  • those with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely than others to develop a disorder when faced with negative environmental conditions

anxiety disorders

characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety and related disturbances in behavior

Specific phobia

• Involves excessive distressing and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

• negatively impacts the persons life greatly

  • eg. acrophobia, aerophobia, arachnophobia, claustrophobia

Agoraphobia

• not a phobia, separate anxiety disorder

• Fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help of one experiences a panic attack

  • fear of inescapable places/situations

Social Anxiety Disorder

• extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others, leading to serious impairments in life

Panic Disorder

Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks

Panic attack

• Nausea

• heart palpitations

• hyperventilation

• chills or hot flashes

• sweating

• dizziness

• trembling or shaking-

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - OCD

• persistent unwanted thoughts

• fear of causing harm to yourself or someone else

Obsessions

Persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing.

Compulsions

Repetitive and ritualistic acts carried out to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

• Causes a person to think they are unattractive or deformed

  • constantly looking in the mirror

  • trying to hide the offending body part

  • comparison to others

  • cosmetic surgery

Mood disorders

Disturbances in emotion strong enough to intrude on everyday life

Major depression

• A severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability

  • Feelings of worthlessness

  • loneliness

  • crying

  • sleep disturbance

  • suicidal ideation

Bipolar disorder

A disorder in which a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression.

Schizophenia

• Class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs

  • delusions, hallucinations, emotional instability

  • decline from a previous level of functioning

  • disturbances of thought and language

Narcissistic personality Disorder

• belief that one is superior and seeing others as lesser than

• entitlement, expecting recognition

• lack of empathy

• fantasies of success, power or beauty

Antisocial personality disorder

• Illegal activities

• feeling of constantly being bored

• destructive behavior

• irritability and aggression

• lack of guilt or remorse

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

• Strong emotional reactivity and emotional instability

• suicidal ideation and self harm

• identity disturbance and chaotic interpersonal relationships

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

• Inattention

• Hyperactivity/impulsivity

Inattention

• increase in errors

• forgetful

• struggle with completing tasks, deadlines, managing time

Hyperactivity/impulsivity

• fidgeting, restless

• trouble waiting turn

• conversational self restraint problems

• impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder

• Severe developmental disability that impairs children’s ability to communicate and relate to others

• Causes appear to be largely genetic with some other perinatal causes