BIO 110 Chapter 9

Mycelium

underground structure of a mushroom that extends its hyphae through absorbing organic matter

Hyphae

these are fungal bodies (both aboveground and belowground) that are made of threadlike interconnected cells

Mushroom

above ground reproductive structure

Spores

reproductive sex cells that are dispersed through the air

In asexual reproduction, ______ cells of the mycelium produce spores, sex cells that contain a single set of chromosomes which are also _____ (same thing)

haploid

Fungi reproduce sexually when the hyphae of two parents join and the haploid cells of each fuse, resulting in a _____ with _____ cells, ones that have two sets of chromosomes. The diploid cells within the mushroom cap then divide, producing genetically distinct haploid spores

zygote, diploid

Algae in comparison to plants:

plenty of moisture, no need for support, can reproduce in water, no need for anchorage, nutrients can be obtained throughout the entire body, photosynthesis is preformed through the entire body

Main important features of terrestrial plants:

root system, vascular system, shoot system, reproduction can happen through wind

Vascular system

network of tubes that transports water, sugar, and minerals

Can vascular systems be found in all plants? If not, which ones do not have vascular systems?

no, moss

Root system

belowground anchorage structures exposed to water and minerals in soil

Mycorrhizae

a symbiotic association between fungus and plants. Fungus improves the plants roots surface area, and ability to absorb water and nutrients. Plants provides carbohydrates to the fungus.

What problem associated with living on land do mycorrhizae help a plant overcome?

the need to absorb water and minerals from the soil

Root hairs

cellular extensions that greatly increase the surface area for absorption

Carrots, turnips, sweet potatoes etc store food in the form of _____ and sugars. If not harvested by humans, the plants can use this ______ ____ during times of growth.

starch, stored food

Vascular tissue

system of tube-shaped cells that transports water and nutrients throughout a plant

Phloem

transports sugars from one part of the plant to another

Xylem

transports water and minerals from roots to leaves

Which prominent reproductive structure is not found in all plants?

flowers

Ground tissue system

performs photosynthesis, provides support, and stores nutrients

Dermal tissue system

forms an outer protective covering and regulates gas exchange

Vascular tissue system

provides long-distance transport of water and nutrients

What is the correct evolutionary history of plants?

bryophytes (mosses, liverworts), seedless vascular plants (ferns), gymnosperms (fir trees, pine trees), angiosperms (flowers)

Bryophytes come in two distinct forms which is the ______ and the ______

gametophyte, sporophyte

What is the alteration of generations

a plants lifecycle in which the gametophyte and sporophyte take turns producing each other

The alteration of generations is unique to ______ and _____

plants, algae

The gametophyte is _____ while the sporophyte is _____

haploid, diploid

Phloem sap always flows from a _____ source such as photosynthetic leaves or organs that store ____(same thing) to a site in the plant where the sugar will be used such as a growing shoot.

sugar

Xylem sap is moved through the body through _______.

respiration

The portion of a plant’s vascular system that provides support and conveys water and inorganic nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant is called …

xylem

The portion of a plant’s vascular system that conveys sugars, nutrients, and hormones throughout a plant is called…

phloem

What are some important adaptations for land living seedless vascular plants?

vascular tisssue, lignin-hardened cell walls (allows the plant to stand up straight and tall)

What were the most successful first seed plants?

gymnosperms

How do gymnosperms reproduce?

consists of an embryo in a seed, and its food supply packaged inside a protective coating. (think pinecone)

Seed

a plant embryo packaged with a food supply within a protective covering

What is the major advantage of gymnosperms

they do not need to reproduce near water

Cones house all ______ stages: spores, eggs, sperm, zygotes, and embryos.

reproductive

Gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants that produce seeds _____ enclosing them in an ovary unlike angiosperms

without

What is the most important adaptation of angiosperms?

flower

What is the difference between a monocot and a dicot?

monocot has one leaf sprouting at germination while a dicot has two.

What structure is made of the anther and filament?

stamen pollen reproducing reproductive structure

What structure is made of the stigma, style, and ovary?

carpal egg producing reproductive structure

After fertilization, the ovary expands and thickens to form a protective container around the seed which is called a _____?

fruit

Fruits are only found in ________?

angiosperms

What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

only the seeds of angiosperms are protected within the ovary and can remain dormant for long periods of time until favorable conditions exist.

_______ are fruits that grow, mature, reproduce, and die in a _____ growing season

annuals, single

_______ like carrots live for ___ years, with flower and seed production occurring during the ______ year

biennials, two, second

_______ like blueberries live and reproduce via flower and fruit for ____ years

perennials, many

Meristems

new cell tissues in angiosperms root tips that are responsible for a plant to grow in length

An increase in a plant’s girth, involving cell division in the stem and wood is called _____?

secondary growth

Growth in the length of a plant root or shoot produced by an apical meristem is called _____?

primary growth