Microbial Cell Structure and Function

These flashcards cover key concepts in microbial cell structure, function, genetics, and relevant biochemical processes.

Gene

Functional unit of genetic information contained in DNA.

Nucleotide

Building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of ribose/deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

Double Helix

Structure formed by two strands of DNA twisted around each other.

Replication Fork

Y-shaped region where DNA is replicated.

Leading Strand

The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

Lagging Strand

The DNA strand that is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.

RNA

Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.

Transcription

Process where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.

Ribosome

Molecular machine that synthesizes proteins by translating mRNA.

Codon

Sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

Amino Acid

Building blocks of proteins, linked by peptide bonds.

Denaturation

Process where a protein loses its structure due to external stress.

Macronutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts for microbial growth, like carbon and nitrogen.

Micronutrients

Trace metals and growth factors required in minute amounts.

Antibiotic

Antimicrobial agent produced by microorganisms, capable of inhibiting growth or killing bacteria.

Bactericidal

Antibiotics that kill bacteria.

Bacteriostatic

Antibiotics that inhibit the growth of bacteria without killing them.

Endosymbiosis

The process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts were incorporated into eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotes

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and organelles, including protists and fungi.