interactieve Storytelling alles

Narrative journalism

ournalistic products that display storytelling techniques to report upon realworld events and situations

Evidence-based arguments

independent meaningful units of information. No context needed.

situation-based exemplars

The units of information in a narrative depend on each other for their meaning. Highly structured cause-and-effect chain of events. Context needed.

Exemplification theory

people think that the example is a typical/representative example of the larger issue.

concreteness effect

concrete language is remembered better than abstract language

availability heuristic

the easier information comes to mind, the more probable or frequent this information is thought to be.

Paradigmatic

categorizing the world – relating categories – systemizing

Stigma

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person

Stigmatized knowledge

Knowledge claims that have not been accepted by those institutions we rely upon for truth validation

Epistemic

The desire for understanding, accuracy, and subjective certainty

Existential

The desire for control and security

Social

The desire to maintain a positive image of the self or group

Persuasion

A successful intentional effort at influencing another’s mental state through communication in a circumstance in which the persuadee has some measure of freedom

Psychological Reactance Theory

humans have a need for freedom to choose their own attitudes and behaviors (overlap with Self-Determination Theory’s need for autonomy)

Fear

the topic is threatening to them

Perceived invulnerability

negative consequences of risky behavior will not affect you

Perceived norms

Everyone does it” = False consensus – Normalizing one’s risky behavior

Inertia

people prefer not to change their current attitudes, behaviors and beliefs, avoiding cognitive dissonance

Cognitive dissonance

an uncomfortable psychological state resulting from inconsistency, or "non-fitting relations among cognitions

boomerang effect

engaging in more of the discouraged behavior as a result of reactance

Selective avoidance

ignoring persuasion attempt

Observational learning

Learning (e.g., healthy) behavior by observing role models by adopting the role model’s knowledge, values, cognitive skills, behavior

Outcome expectancies

the observer’s perceptions of the positive (or negative) consequences of engaging in a given behavior

Self-efficacy

observer’s confidence in their ability to enact the behavior.

Mental imagery

Vivid images (/sounds etc.) of the story world, events and characters We remember what we can easily visualize.

Concreteness effect

concrete language is remembered better than abstract language.

holistic experience

a convergent process where all mental systems and capacities become focused on events occurring in the narrative

Concreteness

the degree of detail and specificity about protagonists, actions, and scene

Specificity

indication of a particular time, space, character, event

Attentional focus

focus on or distraction from the narrative

Emotional engagement

feelings for or with characters, such as sympathy, empathy, and identification (strongest mediator of behavorial effects)

Narrative understanding

following the plot, understanding motivations and actions of characters

Narrative presence

the sensation of being present in a narrative world due to comprehension processes and perspective-taking

Attention

deep concentration of the reader that feels effortless to them

Emotional engagement

feeling for or with characters, such as sympathy, empathy, and identification

Mental imagery

generating vivid images of the story world based on descriptions in the narrative

Transportation into the story world

E.g. When I was finished with reading the story it felt like I had taken a trip to the world of the story.

Flow

Balance between challenge of the task and skill of the performer

presence

Illusion of ‘being there’

Spatial presence

illusion of being physically present in a mediated space or room

Social presence

llusion of being together with a mediated person

Self-presence

illusion of self-identity being present inside a mediated world

Identification

The process of taking on a character’s identity and situational perspective

Affective identification

adopting the character’s feelings and emotions

Cognitive identification

adopting the character’s goals and point of view

Personal transformation

The IDN transforms an interactor’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour.

Masquerade

The interactor changes to someone else for the duration of the experience

Variety

The interactor exhaustively experiences various perspectives.

Need for autonomy

need to feel in control, to feel agency

Need for competence

need to experience efficacy and personal growth

Need for relatedness

need to feel meaningfully connected to others (respect, valued)

The narrative paradox

The conflict between the interactor’s agency and the author’s control over the IDN

Author-centric approach

High on authorial control – low on user agenc

4th wall

imaginary wall between characters in fictional world and audience in real world (magic circle in games)

Character-centric approach

Low on authorial control – high on user agency

Ludology

Games are formal systems that should be studied in terms of rules and mechanics.

Narratology

Games are narrative forms that can be studied using narrative theories.

Causal coherence

Event 2 happening because of event 1

Enacting stories

Player/interactor performs actions which make narrative events happen. The player/interactor enacts the story.

micronarratives

Small elements in the story that tell a story themselves OR short narrative units, all kinds of objects (signs, letters, phones, buildings)

Evocative spaces

Spaces to extend already existing memories

Embedded narratives

Narrative information being embedded in the storyworld, like micronarratives

Transformation of spaces

provides ideas about the impact of events on narrative progression.

redundancy

Providing similar information across different spaces and artifacts in the game space

environmental storytelling

The art of crafting a space that evokes a deeper narrative that your audience is encouraged to explore

spatial

navigable as an information repository and/or a virtual place (Immersion)

encyclopaedic

containing very high capacity of information in multiple media formats (Immersion)

procedural

composed of executable rules (Interactivity)

participatory

inviting human action and manipulation of the represented world (Interactivity)

Interactive range

the collection of choices made available to the user – the more choices, the more interactivity

Speed

How fast the system responds

Depth

human-likeness of the interaction – real human social relationships

Choice

the ability to make choices and the richness of these choices

Functional significance

he degree to which a choice satisfies interactors’ desires, needs, and interests – the ability to take meaningful action

Perceived completeness

the number of choices in relation to the number of possible choices the interactor can imagine

Agency

The satisfying power to take meaningful actions and see the results of our decisions and choices

Effectance

the meaningfulness of the effect of a chosen action – actions with a meaningful and perceptible effect on the storyworld

Local effectance

immediate effect noticeable

Global effectance

delayed or cumulative effect, e.g., at the end of the narrative

Autonomy

freedom to choose from a large set of options without feeling pushed

Usability

The ease of access to and use of the application’s interface

Exploratory

Interactor navigates through the virtual world but cannot affect it (e.g., clicking on objects, altering perspective)

Ontological

Interactor changes the virtual world. Determines which story will develop.

Linear narrative

unisequential narrative

Branching storyworlds

A story with a beginning and different endings (e.g. branching or foldback)

Narrative

Representes a specific chronological event sequence as experienced by specific persons in a specific spatiotemporal setting

Story

A chronological event sequence

Discourse

the (re)presentation of the story, which is the result of the act of narration/telling

Event

a change of state, something happening, usually involving a character

Plot event

narrative turn which is dramatically significant

Causality

a cause-and-effect chain of events

Discourse structure

the order in which the events are told

Tellability

The event that makes the story worth telling and worthy of the audience’s attention.

Evaluation

including the take-home message, making the point of the narrative clear

Kernel

what makes us recognize the story (obligatory event that guarantees the story’s coherence/logic OR essential content of the story)

Satellite

what can be replaced or removed while still keeping the story recognizable, but which defines the discourse

Narrativity

the presence and interaction of a set of textual elements that distinguish narrative texts from non-narrative texts and that constitute the potential of a text