AP Euro Unit 4

Ancient Greeks developed the ___ model, which was also became the Church’s view.

geocentric

Using complex mathematics, Nicolaus ___ proposed the ___ model. He said the sun appears to rise and set because the earth is not stationary but spins on its axis.

Copernicus, heliocentric

Johannes ___ built on Copernicus’ model. He affirmed his claim that the sun was at the center of our galaxy, and is well known for discovering that planets orbit the sun in ___ and not perfect circles.

Kepler, ellipses

Galileo Galileo built a new ___ which he used to observe in detail the ___ of different planets. By observing the imperfections of celestial objects such as craters, he confirmed that they were not heavenly bodies of light, but similar in composition to ___.

telescope, moons, Earth

The discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo aggravated the ___ because they challenged the ___ interpretation of the cosmos.

Church, biblical

Many advances in astronomy occurred the Counter Reformation, so Copernicus and Kepler’s books ended up on the ___.

Index of Prohibited Books

Because of Galileo’s ideas, the Church called him to trial and forced him to ___. He was charged with ___ and placed under house arrest. His works were finally published after his death.

recant, heresy

The Ancient Greek understanding of the human body and medicine were overturned by Enlightenment thinkers based on observation and ___.

experimentation

___ was an Ancient Greek whose work in anatomy and physiology were prominent in Medieval Europe.

Galen

Galen’s ___ theory stated that the body was composed of four substances—blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm—and when they were out of balance, it caused disease.

humoral

___ rejected the humoral theory and claimed ___ imbalances caused disease.

Paracelsus, chemical

William Harvey overturned Galen’s belief that there were two different systems of ___ contained in the body that did not interact with each other. He said that it was pumped from the ___ and that the circulatory system was one intergrated whole.

blood, heart

Bacon was the pioneer of [deductive/inductive], or using discrete knowledge to make general principles.

inductive

Descartes was known for championing [deductive/inductive] reasoning, or using general principles to reach specific knowledge.

deductive

The scientific method emphasized observation and experimentation in order to understand the ___.

world

Francis ___ and Rene ___ were among the first major players in challenging the dominance of ancient Greek philosophy and developing a new means of understanding the world: the ___.

Bacon, Descartes, scientific method

Despite the rise of using reason to understand the natural world, older beliefs persisted like ___—the study of how the position of heavenly bodies influence human—and ___—a pseudo science that attempted to turn certain metals into gold.

astrology, alchemy

Enlightenment thinks applied new methods of reasoning from the ___ to politics, society, and human institutions.

Scientific Revolution

The Enlightenment began in ___, the state with the strongest absolutist government which people grew sick of and used reasoning to dispute.

France

___ criticized the social and religious institutions of France. He saw in England that because so many competing versions of religion were allowed, they were able to exist peacefully. In France, because ___ was forcibly imposed on the population, he viewed it as oppression.

Voltaire, Catholicism

Voltaire believed in natural rights and reforms in education and free speech, but did not believe that people were capable of ___ themselves. He said that people were selfish, so they needed a strong enlightened ___ to rule them.

governing, monarch

Denis ___ edited and published the ___ in order to catalog the whole body of knowledge according to Enlightenment principles.

Diderot, Encyclopedia

Voltaire developed ___, which argued that there was a god, but that god did not intervene in human affairs. They believed that god ruled the world by unchanging laws of physics, not miracles that defied those laws.

deism

Diderot was a deist, but defined ___ is his encyclopedia as knowing about god and consciously rejecting his existence. By rejecting god, these people believed that anything that could be known was understood by human senses interacting with the material world.

atheism

David Hume developed the philosophy of ___, which argued that the ideas in out brains only reflect our sensory inputs, therefore reason cannot convince us of anything beyond what our senses can interpret. This meant that a person can know only what they personally ___.

skepticism, experience

Natural rights is that idea that just by being ___, we possess rights to life, liberty, and ___.

human, property

According to John Locke, natural rights are given by ___. This meant that those rights did not come from the monarch and that the power of the state actually originated with people; this idea is known as ___.

God, popular sovereignty

William and Mary assumed the English throne only on the condition that they signed the English ___, demonstrating the idea that people can only be governed by their own consent and not the ___ of kings.

Bill of Rights, divine right

Jean Jacques Rousseau is associated with the ___: if people have natural rights, then when they establish a government to protect those rights, they are entering a ___ with that government.

social contract

In the social contract, the people must surrender some of their ___ in order to create a government that protects their rights. The duty of the government is to act in accordance with the __ of the people.

power, will

According to Rousseau, if the government fails to uphold the general will, the people have the right to dissolve the ___ and install a new government.

social contract

Rousseau argued that men and women were fundamentally different kinds of beings and that women should be ___ to men.

subservient

Mary ___ opposed the rigid gender roles that thinkers such as Voltaire upheld. She said that women are not inherently inferior to men but they seemed it because they were denied the same opportunities for ___.

Wollstonecraft, education

In “The Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith attacked the ___ policies of many European nations. He argued that government should stay out of the economy and instead let individuals make economic decisions based on the laws of ___.

mercantilist, supply and demand

In criticizing mercantilism, ___ questioned absolutist monarchies because it was their choice of economic system.

Smith

As the Enlightenment persisted, religion was increasingly viewed as a ___ matter rather than a ___ concern. This was the view of subjects, but monarchs advocated for the traditional view because it gave them more power.

private, public

As the Enlightenment emphasized religion as a private belonging, revival moments began to stress personal ___, not state belonging as the test for true belief.

conversion

Nikolaus von Zinzendorf led the religious revival of ___ in the 17th and 18th centuries. He taught that true religious experience was not just about belonging to a church, but was bound up in a mystical and ___ experience.

German Pietism, personal

Lutheranism was generally the accepted religion in northern Germany, but Zinzendorf rejected the ___ approach to Christ they preached.

rationalistic

___ were private meetings held in opulent houses where the intelligentsia openly discussed and debated these new ideas of the day. They were often hosted by ___.

Salons, women

The more Enlightenment ideas spread, the more people began to grow dissatisfied with the prevailing political institution. This led to ___ such as the American, French, and Haitian.

revolutions

The spread of Enlightenment ideas often influence monarches to become ___ absolutists.

enlightened

Some monarchs made efforts to become enlightened but only acted in enlightened ways when it benefitted [their subjects/themselves].

themselves

Enlightened Despots were short-sighted in their implementation of Enlightened philosophies because they looked only to the [immediate/long term] impact of those reforms since the [immediate/long term] would make people want more rights.

immediate, long term

Under Frederick the Great, Prussia rose out of the sovereign states created from the Holy Roman Empire by the ___.

Peace of Westphalia

Frederick the great patronized the ___, and by ___’s reckoning was deemed a philospher’s king.

philosophes, Voltaire

Frederick the Great’s Enlightenment reforms were vital in maintaining an absolutist state because they undermined the ___ and allowed him to consolidate power.

nobility

Catherine the Great served as an enlightened absolutist by reforming the penal system to outlaw torture and ___ punishment, reform education, and ___ the arts. Like Frederick the Great, her reforms undermined the nobility and transferred ___ to herself.

capital, patronize, power

Influenced by John Locke’s insistence of the ___ of church and state, most governments in Western and Central Europe increased religious tolerance to Christian minorities and Jews by 1800.

separation

Under the Charter of Towns in 1782, Catherine the Great recognized ___ as Russian subjects and extended more civil liberties to them.

Jews

Because the Enlightenment viewed religion as a private matter, it influenced the creation of “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” in 1789 in ___ to proclaim religious freedom for citizens.

France

Advances in ___ allowed people to live longer lives and more infants survived ___. Additionally, the ___ mysteriously died out and allowed many to live to an older age.

medicine, childhood, bubonic plague

Edward Jenner invented a ___ that made the disease less fatal.

smallpox vaccine

Thomas Malthus observed that Europe’s ___ supply could not keep up with the rates of population increase. Either the population had to be cut off or the supply increase, and Europe solved this problem in the (second) ___ Revolution.

food, Agricultural

The Second Agricultural Revolution took place in order to meet the demands of Europe’s growing population. More farm ___ became available in England and the Netherlands, people built dykes and drained ___ to plant more food, farmers utilized crop ___, and advancement in agricultural ___ took place.

land, wetlands, rotation, technology

Farmers could utilize crop rotation by planting beans and clover to replenish the soil of its ___ rather than allowing it to remain fallow.

nutrients

Technological advancements during the Agricultural Revolution include ___ breeding of livestock, the ___ to plant seeds deep into the soil so the wind couldn’t blow them away, and better ___ systems to make in cheaper and more efficient to carry food to the population.

selective, seed drill, transportation

An emphasis on the ___ family hindered population growth by influencing people to marry later because in order to create a new family unit, a couple had to have enough wealth and resources to support themselves.

nuclear

The rate of ___ births spiked dramatically, indicating that people were having more intimate relations outside of marriage than previously.

illegitimate

As infant and child ___ decreased and families had more disposable income, more time and space was dedicated to children.

mortality

___ argued that children were a separate kind of being and that childhood should be elevated by attentive parents. This created a large shift in people’s view of children. They were previously treated like small adults, but now they were encouraged to ___ and prepared for adulthood with an ___.

Rousseau, play, eduction

As land became privately owned and technology advancements made fewer ___ required for farms, many people moved into cities, which is called ___.

workers, urbanization

As urbanization occurred on a large scale, cities couldn’t support the influx of people. Because they wasn’t enough housing, ___ were built. They were hastily constructed apartment buildings with rooms that workers could rent for low prices. However, the lack of ___ spread airborne disease and no indoor ___ meant people disposed of waste in the streets.

tenements, ventilation, plumbing

To combat the issues of poverty, crime, and prostitution that came with ____, authorities passed laws meant to eradicate them. The ____ Act of 1864 was meant to reduce prostitution by by arresting accused women and forcibly inspecting their bodies to determine if they carried a venereal disease.

urbanization, Contagious Disease

The increasing influence of the printing press caused people to read at a rate that far exceeded anything that came before it. This event is know as the ___ Revolution.

Reading

As reading became popularized among groups other than the upper class, the kinds of books started to vary. The number of ___ books decreased, while books on history, science, and the arts increased rapidly.

religious

As new ideas continued to rise during the Enlightenment, monarchs were eager to ___ them. However, the Reading Revolution persisted and people were reading more than ever.

censor

The censorship of writings was mainly ___. For instance, the Church sanctioned Diderot’s Encyclopedia for questioning ___ authority.

religious

Enlightenment thinkers, natural scientists, and explorers traveled the globe during this period and wrote down their observations. This exposed the rising number of literate Europeans to ___ outside of their own. Some of these challenged the accepted norms. such ans indigenous societies being less ___.

cultures, hierarchical

In art, the emphasis shifted from the celebration of religious themes and the power of ___ to the private life and public good.

monarchs

Baroque art was used by the Church to promote religious feelings an monarchs to illustrate state power, but with the shift to themes that appealed to ___ class society, Neoclassicism took hold.

middle

In contrast to the grandeur of Baroque, ___ prized simplicity and symmetry. This was especially true in ___, such as Daniel Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe” and Jane Austen’s “Sense and Sensibility” and “Pride and Prejudice.”

Neoclassicism, literature

The ___ Revolution took place as the middle and upper classes had more disposable income that increased their demand for manufactured goods.

Consumer

The consequences of the Consumer Revolution were a new concern for ___, in which homes were designed with more rooms each with a specific purpose, and an increasing demand for venues for leisure, most importantly ___.

privacy, coffeehouses