Chapter #1-4 Study Guide (psychology 101, openstax college book)

Which of the following describes hypothesis?

tentative explanation

The empirical method of study is based on____________________?

observation

Psychology is a social science discipline. psychologists scientifically study _________?

The mind and behavior

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

Wilhelm Wundt

William James was the ______________________?

first American psychologist

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on __________________ and early childhood experiences.

a person's unconscious

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to _____________________?

study the function of behavior

__________________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

humanism

Penelope studied the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a _______________?

biopsychologist

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________________ psychology.

developmental

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

Edmunds wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of _____________?

personality

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ____________________?

social psychology

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theories, with the earliest theorist listed first.

Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research int he area of _______________ psychology.

industrial-organizational

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct int he area of health psychology?

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

Naghemeh wants to focus not he emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychological healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?

counseling psychology

Select the currently list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play cause a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children when presented with a variety of passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, _____________ is the dependent variable and __________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ___________ variable and word retention is the _________ variable.

Independent; dependent

A(n) ______________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5

In a _____________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

___________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Dr. Matter, is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain-depth knowledge about their behavior. These studies would best be described as ______________?

case studies

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend dating events, posing as dates, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, age 20, 30, 40 and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What in one flaw of this design?

social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

a group of preschool-age children are enrolled in study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behavior and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ___________ design.

longitudinal

___________ research uses past records or data to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.

archival

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusion?

experimental

Stan and Jenny are in psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

negative correlation means _____________.

one variable decreased as the other increases

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

+0.2

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

-0.9

On a graph of correlation coefficient, points falling near a straight sloped line indicate ___________________.

a strong correlation

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer that those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ____________________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

A(n) __________________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding variable

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ___________________.

placebo effect

__________________ refers to the ability to consistently produce result.

reliability

_________________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

validity

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on there separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent homework than they are with others standardized intelligence tests. This test has ___________ reliability and ______________ validity.

high; low

A major advantage of case studies is ______________.

detailed information

__________________ is/ are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

The _________ of a neuron contain ____________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

The myelin sheath:

insulates the neuron and speeds neural transmission

The space between two neurons is called the ____________.

synapse

____________ is the electrical sign that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the terminals.

action potential

A particular signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is double, the action potential will ___________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration.

_____________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

beta-endorphin

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for _____________.

depression

The two major devisions of the nervous system are the __________ and ____________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

The ____________ nervous system is responsible for responses such a pupil dilation, increase heart rate, and increase respiration.

sympathetic

The _____________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

Sensory and motor of the _________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the __________.

spinal cord

Which of the following higher level processes is NOT a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

Which of the following areas is involved in speech production?

Broca's area

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ___________.

temperature, touch, and pain

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

The pre-frontal cortex is responsible for:

Attention, self-control, planning, and self-awareness

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand why people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernicke's area

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduce appetite, and reduces sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

The ___________ is involved in our experience of aggressive and fear.

amygdala

_____________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is he drug acting on?

medulla

The _______________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

cerebellum

The __________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

Which theorist describes dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

The hidden meaning of a dream is called the ___________ content.

latent

Sleepwalking is also referred to as _____________.

somnambulism

Sleep apnea is defined by ______________.

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ______________ rhythm.

circadian

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily function

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

hypnosis; medication

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opioid

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.

people in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person.

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffeine

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.