Anatomy Backs

Vertebral, muscles

Vertebral column subdivdisions

cervical, thoracic, lumbar sacrum

cervical

7

Thoracic

12

Lumbar

5

Sacrum

5

Coccyx

tail bone

Primary curves (2)

convcavity is anterior, and developed prior to birth, include:

1. Thoracic

2. sacrum

Kyphosis

Excessive primary curvature

Kyphosis

humpback

Secondary curves

concavity s posterior, develop after birth (learned), include:

1. cervical

2. lumbar

lordosis

Excessive secondary curvature is

Lordosis

potbelly or also known as sway back

Secondary curvature begin

from a baby starting to lift their cephal and from when they begin to walk.

Sacrum contains

5 vertebrae, yet they are all fused together.

lumbarization or sacralization

name of the 6th lumbar or sacral vertebrae

lumbarization or sacralization

when a vertebrae does not actually fuse and becomes another vertebrae

hemisacralization or hemilumbarization

Problems occur with lower back when _______ occurs.

dextroscoliosis

Right side scoliosis

leuoscoliosis

Left side scoliosis

Intervertebral Disks

Sit in the body of the vertebrae, act as a cushion.

Vertebral Arch

pedicles and lamina

C2-C6

Bifid Processes occur on processes of cervical vertabrae

heart

Vertebral body of the thoracic cavity is shaped like a

circular

vertebral foramen of the thoracic cavity is _______ shaped.

Triangular

vertebral foramen of the cervical and lumbar cavity is _______ shaped.

Kidney Bean

Vertebral Body of the cervical and lumbar cavity is shaped like a

Superior vertebral notch

forms lower margin of intervertebral foramen

Posterior and inferior

Thoracic spinous process is deigned to go

coronal plane, sagittal axis

The thoracic spinous process design allows for side to side movement on the

Accessory process

part of the lumbar vertebrae, branches from the transverse processes

Mammillary Processes

Branches off the superior articular processes.

Surface area

Bifid processes are important because they increase

Gap for Lumbar Puncture

utilized for epidurals

cauda equina

Horse tail, free loose fibers that go through foramina in the sacral complex.

Intervertebral Discs

Symphysis Joint (amphiarthroses), on top of hyaline cartilage on the vertebral body.

Annulus Fibrosus

external layer, fibrocartilage, provides strength

Nucleus Pulposus

internal layer, elastic, gelatinous cartilage, shock absorber.

90 degrees

Annulus Fibrosus is layered offset at

notochord

Nucleus pulosus is known as the

Mackenzie Extension technique

repeated extension movement to combat disk herniation.

Disk herniation occurs mostly in the

posterior lateral

thick, thin

The anterior postion of the verterbrae disk is ____, while the posterior portion is ____

Disk herniation occurs mostly in midlife at ages

35 to 60

Two parts that make up intervertebral disks

1. Annulus Fibrous

2. Nucleus Pulposus

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

covers the anterior side of the vertebral body, occiput to the sacrum.

nuchal ligament

extension of the supraspinous ligament,

runs form the occiput to C7

connected to the EOP.

nuchal ligament is responsible for

resists hyperflexion, but muscles attach to the ligament

Tech Neck

the protuberance of T1 (NOT C7) because of the technoligcal postures

The ALL is responsible for

the ONLY ligament to prevent extension, limits hyperextension.

intra

within

inter

between

Intertransverse Ligament

ligament holding the transverse processes in place

Supraspinous Ligament

Ligament that covers the spinous processes.

runs form the C7 to sacrum, very strong

hyperflexion

Supraspinous ligament prevents

Interspinous Ligament

connects the spinous processes from each vertebrae

Interspinous ligament provides

prevention when touching toes

Ligamentum Flavum

connects the lamina together, elastic tissue that recoils

Liganmetum flavum provides

a posterior wall, prevent abrupt hyperflexion

With a herniated disk, the weak portion of the vertebrae would be the sides of the ____, which would compress the nerves on each side.

PLL

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Covers the posterior side of the vertebral bodies from C2 to sacrum.

PLL is responsible for

preventing hyperflexion and preventing herniatied disks.

Carotid tubercle

C6 anterior tubercle is also known as

vertebral artery

Transverse foramen is designed to be an opening for the ______ ______.

Back muscles part of the superficial layer (extrinsic muscles)

1. levator scapula

2. rhomboid major

3. rhomboid minor

4. Trapezius

5. Lattismus Dorsi

Primary moves in the superficial layer controlling limb movement

latissimus dorsi and trapezius

Extrinsic back muscles

attach to vertebrae then to something else. Control limb movement and respiration.

hypomere

extrsinisc back muscles, embryologically come from the

Intrinsic back muscles

control vertebral column movements and maintain posture.

Embryologically, the intrinsic muscles come from the

epimere

Levator Scapula

O: posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C1 to C4.

I: Medial border, superior to the root of the scapular spine

A: elevate the scpaula, rotate the glenoid fossa inferiorly

N: Dorsal Scapular

N root: C5

Rhomboid Major

O: SP T2 to T5

I: Medial border of the scapula (spine to inferior angle)

A: retract, inferior rotation, fix scap to thoracic wall (stabilization)

N: Dorsal Scapular

N root: C5

Rhomboid Minor

O: Nuchal ligament, SP of C7 &T1

I: Medial end of the scapular spine

A: retract, inferior rotation, fix scap to thoracic wall (stabilization)

N: Dorsal Scapular

N root: C5

Trapezius ( 3 parts)

O: medial superior nuchal line, eop, nuchal ligament, C7 toT12 spinous processes.

I: lateral third of the clavicle, acromium, scapular spine

A: Descending fibers (elevate the scapula), Ascending fibers (depress the scapula), Middle fibers (retract the scapula)

N: Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN11)

Trapezius can turn off fibers so 1/3 of it can work at a time (except for the middle third)

Recriprocal inhibition

Fiber orientation (from O to I)

How do we know the O and I

Latissimus Dorsi

O: spinous processes of T6 to T12, thoracolumbar fascia, medial aspect of the iliac crest, inferior 3 to 4 ribs

I: medial crest of the intertubecular sulcus of the humerus (bicepital groove).

A: open chain {extends, adducts, medial rotation; closed chain { raises body

N: Thoracodorsal

N root: C6, C7, C8

Triangle of Oscillation

optimal location to listen to heart sounds, located superior medial border of the trapezius, inferior border is the latissimus dorsi, laterally, inferior angle is the scapula. *ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE

Intermediate layers of the back

1. serratus posterior superior

2. serratus posterior inferior

Erector spinae muscles (medial to lateral)

1. spinalis

2. longissimus

3. illiocostalis

Spinalis

O: Posterior iliac crest, sacrum, sacral and lumbar SP, supraspinous ligament

I: Angles of the ribs, SP superior to where they originate

A: bilaterally: extension; unilaterally: ipsilateral bend side (side flexion) or rotation

N: Dorsal Rami

Longissimus

O: Posterior iliac crest, sacrum, sacral and lumbar SP, supraspinous ligament

I: Angles of the ribs, SP superior to where they originate

A: bilaterally: extension; unilaterally: ipsilateral bend side (side flexion) or rotation

N: Dorsal Rami

Iliocostalis

O: Posterior iliac crest, sacrum, sacral and lumbar SP, supraspinous ligament

I: Angles of the ribs, SP superior to where they originate

A: bilaterally: extension; unilaterally: ipsilateral bend side (side flexion) or rotation

N: Dorsal Rami

vertebral region

Iliocostalis and longissimus has three subcategories defined by the

Serratus Posterior inferior

O: SP T11 to L2

I: Inferior border of ribs 8 to 12 (5)

A: depresses the ribs (exhale)

N: ventral rami (T9 to T12)

Serratus Posterior Superior

O: Nuchal Ligament, SP C7 to T3

I: Superior border of ribs 2 to 4

A: elevate the ribs, respiration (inspiration)

N: Intercostal nerves

N root: Intercostal nerves 2 to 5

Spinalis cervicis

O: nuchal ligament, SP C7 to T6

I: TP of C1 to C3

A: head and neck extension (bilaterally), ipsilateral side flexion, rotation

N: Dorsal Rami

Longissimus capitis

O: TP of upper thoracic spine

I: TP of thoracic and cervical spine

A: extend vertebral column

N: Dorsal Rami

Splenius capitis

O: Ligamentum nuchae, SP C7 to T6

I: Mastoid process and lateral third of the superior nuchal line.

A: (dependent on unilateral or bilateral firing): bilateral: extension, unilaterally: ipsilateral flexion, rotation

N: Dorsal Rami

Splenius cervicis

O:Ligamentum Nuchae, SP C7 to T6

I: attaches to TP of C1 to C3

A: (dependent on unilateral or bilateral firing) bilateral: extension, unilaterally: ipsilateral flexion, rotation

N: Dorsal Rami

Dorsal Rami

Innervates most true intrinsic back muscles

Transverspinalis muscles (deep to superficial)

1. Rotatores

2. Multifudus

3. Semispinalis

Multifudus

O: TP

I: SP

A: stabilization, side bending, rotation

Rotatores crosses

1 to 2 segments

rotatores brevis (1 segment)

rotatores longus (2 segments)

Semispinalis crosses

4 to 6 segments

Multifudus crosses

2 to 4 segements

Rotatores

O: Transverse processes (thoracic region)

I: spinous processes above

A: contralateral rotation, propreioception

Semispinalis

O: TP

I: SP

A: extension, rotation (contralaterally)

rotation

Cervical vertebrae performs

side bending

thoracic vertebrae perform

rotation, flexion, extension

Lumbar vertebrae performs