PSYCHOLOGY Exam 3 Review

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sigh is called

object permanance

robert sternberg referred to a person with street smarts as having

practical intelligence

overly permissive parents tend to have children who are resilient and use positive coping skills

false

motivation is defined as

mechanisms that initiate, maintain, direct, and end behavior

extrinsic motivation stems from

obvious external rewards

like other humanistic psychologists, maslow believed that people are

basically good

intrinsic motivation occurs when

there is no obvious external reward for one’s behavior

according to the yerkes-dodson law, optimum performance for simple task shoudl have arousal

higher than normal

devlopmental psychology is the study of

chnages in behavior from conception to death

chromosomes are made up of

genes

a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based on membership in a specific group is called

prejudice

a teratogen is

any substance capable of causing birth defects

temperament refers to

the inherited, physical core of one’s personality

harlow’s findings showed the importance of ___ in the formaiton of emotional attachments?

contact comfort

the chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called

autosomes

schachter’s cognitive theory emphasizes the influence of which of the following on emotion

cognitive appraisal

the ____ hypothesis is the ideology common in the US that people get the outcomes they deserve

just-world

nature

biology and genetics

nurture

environment and culture

attachment

a long standing conection or bond

secure

child uses parent as secure base from which to explore

avoidant

unresponsive to parent, doesn’t care if parent leaves, not used as secure base`

resistant

show clingy behavior, reject mothers attempt to interact with themd

disorganized

odd behavior around caregiver

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Development

focused on childresns cognitive growth and theorized that cognitive abilities devlop though specifc stages

schemata

concepts used to categorize and interpret informationas

assimilation

incorporates infromation into existing schemata

accomodation

change schemata based on new infromaiton

Conservation Task

water in different shaped glasses, reveals whether a child has moved from pre operational thought to concrete thought (logical reasoning)

physical devlopment

growth and changes in body and brain, senses

cognitive devlopment

learning, attention, memory, language

psychological devlopment

emotions, personality

eriksons thoery of psychological devlopment

argues that socail interactions affect our sense of self (ego idetity)

authoritarian style parenting

parents place high value on conformity and obedience, are rigid, and express little warmth

authoritative style

parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affectionpe

permissive

parent make few demands and rarely use punishment

uninvolved style

indifferent, uninvolved, and don’t repond to childrens needs

motivation

the want or needs that direct behavior toward a goal

under aroused

become bored, seek stimulation

over aroused

engage in certain behaviors to reduce arousal

self efficiacy

indivudlas belief in her own capability to complete a task

intrinsic motivation

arises from internal factors, to feel accomploshed

extrinsic

praise from others, obvious external reward

mood

prolonged, less intense, may not be intentional

emotions

subject state we use to describe our feelings, relatively intense, intentional

three elements of emotion

physiological arousal, psychological arousal, subjective arousal

James-Lange Theory

emotions arise form physiological arousal (see snake, heart rate rises, feeling of fear)

Cannon-Bard Theory

physiological arousal and emotional experince occur at the same time, yet independently, see snake, heart rate rises and feel fear

Schachter Singer Two Factor Theory

physiologcial and cognitive, interpreted to feel emotion, see snake, heat rate rises, realize heart rate rises and realize you are scared

Id

contains primitive urges (thirst and hunger), I want it now!

Superego

devlops through interactions with others, learning social rights and wrongs, Its not right to do that

Ego (self)

balance between id and superego, maybe we can compromise

denial

refusing to accept real events because they are unplesant, admitting one has passed

displacement

transferring inappropiate urges or behaviors onto more acceptable or less threatening targetspro

projection

attributing attributing unacceptable desires, cheating bc u think your partner is cheating

rationalization

justifying your behaviors bu substituing reasons for less acceptable real reasons, failing a class bc of attendance but blame it on the professor

reaction formation

reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

regression

returning to old coping mechanisms, going to cuddle old blanket

repression

supressing emotions that are unpleasant

sublimation

redirecting unacceptable desires thourgh socially acceptable channels

social cognitive theory

emphasizes both leanieng and cognition as sources of individual differnece in personality

Openness

imagination, feelings/ routine vs independent

Conscientiousness

competence, thoughfulness/ careless vs hardowkring

Extroversion

emotional expression/ quiet vs outgoing

Agreeableness

trustworthry, cooperative/ suspicious vs trusting

neuroticism

tendency toward unstable emotions/ calm vs anxious

locus of control

beliefs about the power we have over our lives

internal locus of control

tend to believe that most of our outcomes are from our effort

external locus of control

tned to believe we achieve because of luck

individualistic culture

independent, competition, personal achievement, US, more individual personality

Collectivist culture

social harmony, respectfulness, socially oriented personaloty traits

Fundamental Attribution Erroe

tendency to overemphasize internal facotrs as explanations and underestimate the power of the situation

cognitive dissonance

psychologica discomfort arising from holding two or mose inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions, know smoking is bad but do it anyway

conformity

the chnage in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if he does not agree w the groupA

Asch Experiment

using differnet length lines and telling studnets to answer the wrong choice to see what the final person will do

Obedience

the chnage of an individuals behavior to comply with a deman by an authority figure

Milgram Obedience Experiment

participants “shocking” learners

prejudice

negative attitude and feeling toward an individual base solely on one’s membership with a group

stereotype

specfic belief or assumption about indivulas based solely on thier memebership of a group

discrimination

negative action toward an indivual as a resuly of one’s memebrship in a particular group

altruism

peoples desire to ehlp others even if the costs are outweigh the benefits of helping

empathy

the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels