Science comprehensive study guide

What is the function of the epididymus?

It stores sperm.

What is the function of the testes?

To produce sperm.

What produces semen?

The seminal glands.

What activates sperm?

The prostate.

Where do eggs form?

The ovaries.

What connects the ovaries to the uterus?

The fallopian tubes.

What controls menstartion and labor?

The uterus.

What connects the uterus to the vagina?

The cervix.

What does the vagina do?

It leads to outside the body.

What is the hypothalamus?

A part of the brain that produces hormones.

What makes its own hormones?

The anterior pituitary gland.

What stores hormones made by the hypothalamus?

The posterior pituitary gland.

What is estrogen?

A hormone that develops female characteristics.

What is progesterone?

A hormone that supports/maintains uterine lining.

What is androgen?

A hormone that develops male charcteristics.

What does blood transport?

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide to the tissues in the body.

What is in blood?

Plasma, platelets, erythocytes, and cells.

Red blood cells…

Transport.

White blood cells…

Fight.

What do platelets do?

Clot blood.

Where does the red color in blood come from?

Hemoglobin.

What carries blood away from the heart?

Arteries.

What carries blood to the heart?

Veins.

What is the sit of gas exchanges for Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide?

Capillaries.

What do heart valves do?

Prevent blood from back flowing.

Where does deoxygenated blood start/end?

The superior vena cava, and the lungs.

Where does oxygenated blood start/end?

The lungs, and the aorta.

What do the coronary arteries do?

They deliver nutrients and oxygen to the heart from the aorta.

What do coronary veins do?

They help deoxygenated blood return to the right atrium from the coronary sinus.

What is the main pacemaker of the heart?

Sinoatrial node (SA).

What does the Bachmann Bundle do?

It sends signal from the SA node to the left atrium.

What is the secondary pacemaker of the heart, why is it important?

The atrioventricular node (AV), it delays the signal of pulse from the SA node to allow the heart to contract.

What is the route between the atria and ventricles called?

The Bundle of His

What does the Bundle of His do?

The right branch sends signal to the right ventricle, and the left does the same.

What initializes depolarization and takes up space?

Purkinje Fibers.

What does the P Wave do?

Atrial Depolarization (contracts).

What does the QRS complex do?

Ventricular depolarization (contracts).

What does the T Wave do?

Ventricular repolarization (relaxes)

What does the nasal cavity do?

It warms air, humidifies it, and filters it using mucus and hairs.

What does the pharynx do?

It’s a passage for food and air.

What is the larynx?

The voicebox.

What is the trachea made out of?

Cartilage that helps support the neck.

How many lobes do the left and right lungs have?

The left has 2 lobes, the right has 3.

What part of the respiratory system is NOT in the conducting zone?

The alveoli, they all lead to this which is where gas exchange occurs.

What are alveoli?

Alveoli are tiny air sacs that create rapid gas exchange.

What is the purpose of the conducting zone?

It transports air to the site of gas exchange.

What is the purpose of the respiratory zone?

This is where gas exchange actually occurs, i.e. where the alveoli is located.

More acidic substances are…

Higher concentrated, and have lower #’s on the pH scale.

Less acidic substances are…

Less concentrated by hydrogen diluting them, and have higher #’s on the pH scale.

An increase of respirations typically means…

Acidity has increased.

What occurs during inspiration?

Muscles contract, and the volume of the thoracic cavity increases.

What occurs during expiration?

The muscles relax, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

When blood is delivered to tissues, organs, and cells, what is happening?

Perfusion.

Hyperventilation results in…

Higher pH levels, faster breathing, and higher O2/lower CO2 levels.

Hypoventilation results in…

Lower pH levels, slower breathing, and low O2/high CO2 levels.

What is the epiglottis?

A small flap of cartilage behind the tongue that covers the trachea to prevent food from getting in it when we swallow.

When does digestion start?

When food enters the mouth.

How does saliva protect?

It has enzymes and buffers that neutralize acidity.

What is the epiglottis?

A piece of cartilage that covers the windpipe to prevent food from going down the trachea.

What is chyme?

A acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.

What is HCL?

Liquid version of gas hydrogen chloride in h2o.

What enzyme breaks down proteins?

Pepsin.

What part of the SI digests chyme and breaks down nutrients?

The duodenum.

What part of the SI absorbs nutrients, carbs, and proteins in the blood?

Jejunum.

What part of the body absorbs bile salts?

The ileum.

What are villi?

Tiny hairs that line the intestines, they help with absorption.

What is the primary sity for water aborption?

The large intestine.

What colon absorbs h2o, salts, and solidifies waste?

The ascending colon.

What colon stores digested food?

The transverse colon.

What colon brings the waste to the rectum?

The descending colon.

What does the liver do?

Breaks down lipids.

What does the galbladder do?

Store bile.

What does the pancreas do?

Neutralize chyme.

Where is insulin found and what does it do?

Insulin is found in the pancreas. It stores glucose.

What regulates pH levels in the duodenum?

Secretin.

What secrets pepsin and HCL?

Gastrin.

What raises glucose levels?

Glucagon.

What does bile do?

Emulsify fats.

What stimulates the bladder to help release bile?

Cholecystokinin.

What is the difference between the CNS and PNS?

The CNS is the brain and spine, the PNS is everything else in the body.

What are the 3 sections in the brain?

The forebrain, hindbrain, and midbrain.

What makes up the hindbrain?

The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum.

What part of the brain regulates breathing, HR, and BP?

Medulla Oblongata.

What does the pons do?

It transmits signal between the forebrain and the cerebellum.

The cerebellum…

Balances movement and helps with coordination.

This part of the brain maintains alertness, sleeping, and motor activities…

The midbrain.

Why is the forebrain so vital?

Because it’s the most developed part of the brain. It houses our primary motor and sensory cortices.

What is difference between grey and white matter?

Grey matter is a site of integration, whereas white matter is like a signal highway.

What does the frontal lobe do?

Initiates voluntary movements.

What does the parietal lobe do?

Houses the primary motor and sensory cortices.

What does the occipital lobe do?

It processes information of visual stimuli.

What does the temporal lobe do?

It processes information of auditory stimuli.

The ANS…

Regulates GI function, temperature, the excretory and endocrine systems, and cardiac muscle activity.

The SNS…

Houses the motor functions of skeletal muscles.

What are afferent neurons compared to efferent neurons.

Afferent neurons are sensory neurons, and efferent neurons and motor neurons.

The sympathetic nervous system triggers…

Fight or flight.

The parasympathetic nervous system triggers…

Rest and digest.

What do neurons do?

Transmit electrical/chemical signals throughout the body.

What occurs during synpase?

Neurons communicate.

What kind of cells maintain chemical balance, sustain blood barriers, produce myelin sheath, create cerespinal fluid, and help with immunity?

Glial cells.