APEH unit 5: State Building

Divine Right Monarchy

Belief that monarchs are granted absolute power by God, making it difficult to challenge their authority.

English Civil War

Conflict between Parliament and King Charles over the structure of government in England, resulting to the establishment of a republic under Oliver Cromwell.

Mercantilism

Economic system focused on accumulating mineral wealth through a favorable balance of trade, leading to rivalries and colonial expansion.

Dutch Republic

Form of government in the Netherlands rejecting monarchies in favor of constitutionalism, with power shared among wealthy businessmen and landowners.

Balance of Power

Principle where states aim to distribute power equally to prevent dominance, leading to diplomacy and the partition of Poland.

Peter the Great

Ruler who modernized Russia by adopting Western technologies, transforming political, cultural, and religious institutions.

Charles I

absolute monarch, divine right of monarchy, Era of Personal Rule

Glorious Revolution

Rule of William of Orange, Divine Right of Monarchy is abolished

James II

King of England that appoints Catholics in political positions, angers Puritans

English Bill of Rights

More power of the parliament is protected and establishing a limit of the monarch’s power

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Financial manager of Louis XIV that organized France’s economy on mercantilism

Thirty Years War

War that started when Ferdinand II (HRE) made the Peace of Augsburg not effective and tried to catholicize the Protestant nobles in Bohemia, ended with the Peace of Westphalia

Absolutism

Rulers belief of having ultimate power over their people and all policies in the government

Cardinal Richelieu

chief minister of Louis XIII that ruled while he was a boy, created a spy system that eliminated threat to the monarchy

Cardinal Mazarin

regent of Louis XIV, dealt with the revolt of the Fronde

Louis XIV

Absolute ruler of France, sun king

Versailles

place where Royal Court of Louis XIV is built, very expensive

Intendants

French officials that enforced rules of the government/ monarchy

Peace of Augsburg

signed by Charles V, allowing the princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose what religion their territory would believe in (Catholic or Lutheran), Calvinists were left out with no religious protection

Peace of Westphalia

ended the Thirty Years War, allowing more religious freedom for Calvinists in German States

Philip IV of Spain

Ruler of Spain that made domestic and political reforms to Spain’s monarchy

Frederick William the Great Elector

ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia, establish protection by creating a strong standing army

Oliver Cromwell

He had given the people free press, becomes blinded by his power and becomes a heavily disliked ruler until he dies

William of Orange

Dutch king of United Kingdom after Cromwell