Chemistry - Acids and Alkalis
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35 Terms
What are the diatonic elements?
H, O, N, F, Cl, Br, I, At
What does oil rig stand for?
Oxidation
Is
Loss
Reduction
Is
Gain
What is reduction?
When electrons are gained during a reaction (electrons are on the left side)
What is oxidation?
When electrons are lost during a reaction (electrons are on the right side)
What is the order of reactivity?
Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, carbon, zinc, iron, tin, lead, hydrogen, copper, silver, gold, platinum
Which metals are extracted by electrolysis?
potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium aluminium
Which metals are extracted by reduction with carbon?
zinc, iron, tin, lead
Which metals are found in their native state?
copper, silver, gold, platinum
How do you form an ionic equation?
Separate out anything in the aqueous state into its ions
Remove the spectator ions (ions that are the same on both sides of the equation)
Practice question - What is the ionic equation for Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) —→ MgCl(aq) + H2(g) ?
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) —→ Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2(g)
Answer: Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) —→ Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
Whether the metal is worth extracting from its ore depends on…
How easily it can be extracted
How much metal is in the ore
How much demand there is for the metal
What is an ore?
A rock that contains enough metal to make it economical to extract.
What is the for reduction by carbon?
Metal oxide + carbon —→ carbon dioxide + metal
What is an alkali?
An alkali is a soluble bass (usually metal hydroxide)
What does an alkali release when it dissolves in water?
hydroxide ions (OH-)
What does an acid release when dissolved in water?
Hydrogen ions (H+)
What is a dilute acid?
An acid that contains a low ratio of H+ ions to volume of solution
What is a concentrated acid?
An acid that contains a high ratio of H+ ions to volume of solution
What is a strong acid?
An acid that fully ionises in solutions (all of its molecules release H+ ions)
What is a weak acid?
An acid that partially ionises in solutions (only a small proportion of its molecules release H+ ions)
As the concentration of H+ ions changes by a factor of 10, pH changes by…
1
Pros and cons of universal indicator
Pro: allows you to determine exact pH
Con: it can be subjective
What colours does litmus solution turn in different pH?
acid - red
neutral - purple
alkali - blue
What colours does methyl orange turn in different pH?
acid - red
neutral - orange
alkali - yellow
What colours does phenolphthalein turn in different pH?
acid - colourless
neutral - pale pink
alkali - pink
What else can be used to measure pH?
An electric pH meter - it measures pH more accurately but can be more time consuming
What is the ionic equation for a neutralisation reaction?
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) —→ H2O(l)
What is a neutralisation reaction?
The reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt + water. The pH moves towards 7
What salts do hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid make?
chloride, sulfate, nitrate
What are the formulas for hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid?
HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
acid + metal oxide —→
salt + water
acid + metal hydroxide —→
salt + water
acid + metal carbonate —→
salt + water + carbon dioxide
acid + ammonia —→
ammonium salt
acid + metal —→
salt + hydrogen (only works if the metal is more reactive than hydrogen)