michael 19

i cant say no i cant say yes oh what a mess oh what a mess. Tem que correr

upper respiratory tract (URT)

• Nose / Nasal cavity

  • Filters, warms, and moistens incoming air

  • Contains hairs and mucus

• Sinuses

  • Air-filled spaces that help warm air and add resonance to voice

• Pharynx (throat)

  • Passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx

  • Shared with digestive system

lower respiratory tract (LRT)

• Larynx (voice box)

  • Keeps airway open and routes air to trachea

  • Contains vocal cords and epiglottis

• Trachea (windpipe)

  • Rigid tube with cartilage rings to keep it open

  • Lined with ciliated mucous membrane

• Bronchi

  • Two main branches from trachea into each lung

• Bronchioles

  • Smaller branching airways inside the lungs

• Alveoli

  • Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs (oxygen into blood, CO₂ out)

  • Surrounded by capillaries

vibrissae (nasal hairs)

Trap large particles like dust and debris

mucus

Sticky secretion that traps microbes and particles

cilia (mucociliary escalator)

Tiny hair-like structures that move mucus upward toward the throat to be swallowed or expelled

coughing and sneezing

Forcefully expel irritants and pathogens

tonsils and adenoids

Lymphatic tissue that helps detect and fight pathogens

alveolar macrophages

Immune cells in the lungs that engulf and destroy microbes

secretory IgA antibodies

Found in mucus; help neutralize pathogens

surfactant

Reduces surface tension and has antimicrobial properties

In alveoli

URT normal biota

Large, diverse population of bacteria like Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Neisseria

LRT normal biota

Much smaller population of bacteria, primarily from groups like Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes

main cause of pharyngitis

• Causative Agent: Streptococcus pyogenes (aka Group A Strep).

• Transmission: Respiratory droplets and direct contact.

• Virulence Factors: It uses M proteins to dodge the immune system and releases toxins called streptolysins.

• Possible Sequelae: Scarlet Fever, Rheumatic Fever, or kidney inflammation.

• Diagnosis: Rapid Strep Test or a throat culture on Blood Agar.

• Prevention/Treatment: Hand washing; treatment = Penicillin.

other cause of pharyngitis

• Causative Agent: Fusobacterium necrophorum; a gram-negative bacterium that grows without oxygen.

• Disease Features: Severe sore throat that mimics Strep throat.

• Possible Sequelae: Lemierre’s Syndrome, a dangerous condition involving a blood clot in the jugular vein.

Diptheria

• Causative agent: Corynebacterium diptheriae; gram positive rod

• Disease features: Fever, sore throat, upper respiratory infection 

• Mode of transmission: respiratory droplets 

• Prevention: DTap vaccine 

• Treatment: Antibiotics 

common cold

• Causative agent: Over 200 different viruses; Rhinoviruses, Coronavirus, etc

• Disease features: Sneezing, scratchy throat, runny nose

• Mode of transmission: Indirect contact, droplet contact

• Prevention: Hygiene practices

• Treatment: Rest, fluids, over the counter drugs

causes of otitis externa

• “Swimmer’s ear” (moist environment in ear canal)

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Staphylococcus aureus

• Excess moisture/humidity

• Trauma to ear canal (Q-tips, scratching)

pneumonia description

• Inflammatory infection of the lungs

• Alveoli fill with fluid or pus → impaired gas exchange

• Can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi

• Can be severe or fatal, especially in young children and elderly

healthcare associated pneumonia DEFINITION

• Pneumonia acquired in a healthcare setting (hospital, nursing home, etc.)

• Includes ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and non-ventilator cases

healthcare associated pneumonia CAUSATIVE AGENTS

• Klebsiella pneumoniae

• Staphylococcus aureus

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Acinetobacter spp.

healthcare associated pneumonia RISK FACTORS

• Mechanical ventilation (major risk → VAP)

• Prolonged hospital stay

• Weakened immune system

• Prior antibiotic use (resistant organisms)

• Underlying diseases (lung disease, diabetes, etc.)

community acquired pneumonia

Inflammation of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli, acquired from the general community rather than a hospital setting.

The causative agent is streptococcus pneumoniae.

BACTERIAL causes of pneumonia

• Streptococcus pneumoniae

• Legionella pneumophilia

FUNGAL causes of pneumonia

• Histoplasma capsulatum

• Pneumocystis jiroveci

VIRAL causes of pneumonia

• SARS-CoV-2

• Hantavirus (oh no)

• Influenza (A, B, & C)

• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

streptococcus pneumoniae

• Causative Agent: Gram-positive diplococci (bacteria); often normal biota of URT

• Mode of Transmission: Can be endogenous (from the patient's own normal biota) or from respiratory droplets. 

• Key Disease Features: Leading cause of pneumonia in the elderly; symptoms include fever, chest pains, bloody sputum, and difficulty breathing. 

• Prevention: Vaccination with Prevnar 13 (young people) or Pneumovax 23 (old people)

• Treatment: Penicillin. 

Legionella pneumophilia

• Causative Agent: Gram-negative rod bacterium. 

• Mode of Transmission: Released during aerosol formation from fresh water sources; it’s resistant to chlorine and can be carried long distances. 

• Key Disease Features: Causes Legionnaires' disease (serious) or Pontiac fever. 

• Prevention: Maintain water systems to minimize bacterial growth.

histoplasma capsulatum

• Causative Agent: A dimorphic fungus. 

• Mode of Transmission: Inhalation of spores from soils contaminated with bird and bat droppings. 

• Key Disease Features: Causes Histoplasmosis 

• Prevention: Avoiding soil contaminated with bird/bat droppings. 

pneumocystis jiroveci

• Causative Agent: A fungus with a unique cell wall makeup. 

• Mode of Transmission: Inhalation of spores. 

• Key Disease Features: One of the most frequent opportunistic infections in AIDS patients.

SARS-CoV-2

• Causative Agent: Coronavirus. 

• Mode of Transmission: Acquired through daily activities or resident biota; categorized as very common community-acquired pneumonia

• Key Disease Features: Causes COVID-19, which was first recognized for causing deadly pneumonia. 

• Prevention: Vaccination and public health measures.

Hantavirus

• Causative Agent: ___________. 

• Mode of Transmission: Airborne dust contaminated with urine, feces, or saliva of infected rodents (specifically deer mice). 

• Key Disease Features: Causes __________ pulmonary syndrome, characterized by severe lung edema. 

• Prevention: Rodent control, exclusion from human dwellings, and public awareness.

  • avoiding cruise ships

Influenza (A, B, and C)

• Causative Agent: Enveloped, segmented ssRNA virus. 

• Mode of Transmission: Inhalation of aerosols; initially infects the upper respiratory tract and can spread to the lower tract. 

• Key Disease Features: Symptoms range from mild to severe "flu syndrome"; pneumonia can occur as a secondary effect. 

• Prevention: Seasonal vaccines. 

• Treatment: Fluids, rest, and monitoring for complications. 

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

• Causative Agent: ________ __________ ______. 

• Mode of Transmission: Droplet and indirect contact. 

• Key Disease Features: Common in very young children due to high susceptibility. 

• Prevention: Passive antibody for high-risk children; there is currently no vaccine for children (as of August 2024 update). 

• Treatment: Supportive care.

whooping cough

• Causative agents: Bordetella pertussis (gram negative rod)

• Modes of transmission: Droplet contact

• Features: 3-21 day incubation period, runny nose, and severe coughing

• Prevention/Treatment: DTap vaccine (does not provide lifelong immunity)

tuberculosis

• Causative agents: mycobacterium tuberculosis (gram positive rod)

• Modes of transmission: airborne droplets.

• Features: coughing, chest pain, weight loss

• Prevention/Treatment: many different drugs for treatment, vaccine for prevention (uncommon in US)

MDR-TB (multidrug resistant tuberculosis)

resistant to some of the most effective drugs used to treat tuberculosis, meaning patients must use other less effective drugs

XDR-TB (extensively drug resistant tuberculosis)

resistant to even more drugs than MDR-TB, meaning treatment is more limited, and it is also a higher public health risk

sinusitis

• Causative agents:

  • Viruses

  • Bacteria

  • fungi (less common)

  • Allergies, structural abnormalities

• Treatment:

  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics

  • Antifungals and/or surgery for fungal

• Mode of Transmission

  • Respiratory droplets, direct contact, contaminated surfaces

Otitis media

• Causative agents:

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae

  • Candida auris

  • Other bacteria/viruses

• Prevention: Prevnar 13- infants for S pne

• Treatment: Antibiotics, Tympanic membrane tubes

• Disease Features: Inflammation of eustachian tubes, buildup of fluid in the middle ear, and bacterial multiplication in the fluid

• Modes of Transmission: Respiratory infection/cold that spreads via coughing/sneezing/direct contact

  • Not contagious itself, but the respiratory infection that causes it is

poopy lungs

elijah spent too long on the toilet and got this disease