African American Civil Rights Movement (Paper 1 and Paper 3)

from: https://quizlet.com/550049840/african-american-civil-rights-movement-paper-1-and-paper-3-

13th Amendment

14th Amendment

15th Amendment

Known collectively as the Civil War Amendments, they were designed to ensure the equality for recently emancipated slaves.

(13th) Ended slavery in U.S.,

(14th) Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

(15th) , citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into the United States.

Many legal advances were achieved for African Americans including the 13, 14, 15 Amendments and African Americans were elected to office in South. However, In less than a decade, reactionary forces-including the Ku Klux Klan-would reverse the changes wrought by Radical Reconstruction in a violent backlash that restored white supremacy in the South.

Klu Klux Klan

A white supremacist hate group whose primary targets are African Americans; used terrorism - both physical assault and murder - against politically active blacks and their allies.

Violence against African Americans

One of the causes of the African American Civil Rights Movement was that African Americans faced racist acts of violence including lynching, bombing, murder, and whipping/beating.

Disenfranchisement of African Americans

Intimidation, poll taxes, literacy and comprehension tests, citizenship tests, property requirements, and the "grandfather clause" were created to stop blacks from voting

Great Migration

Movement of over 300,000 African Americans from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws

State laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

de jure segregation

Racial segregation that is required by law

de facto segregation

Racial segregation that occurs, not as a result of the law, but as a result of economic or social conditions, patterns of residential settlement, or personal choice.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

White Citizens' Council (WCC)

Organization of white segregationists throughout the South formed in response to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision ending school segregation. They opposed racial integration of public schools and public facilities, they also opposed voter registration efforts in the South, where most blacks had been disenfranchised.

Members used intimidation tactics including economic boycotts, firing people from jobs, propaganda, and threatening and committing violence against civil-rights activists.

Little Rock (1957)

Incident in which 9 African American students enrolled at a racially segregated local high school and were able to attend after Eisenhower sent the national guard to this location to enforce desegregation.

Southern Manifesto

In 1956, 19 Senators and 77 members of the House of Representatives signed this document. It was a resolution condemning the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and called the decision "a clear abuse of judicial power" and encouraged states to resist implementing its mandates.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus a boycott was organized by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as President. African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. After 11 months of the boycott, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. It is regarded as the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation.

Freedom Rides (1961)

Event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses.

Freedom Summer (1964)

A voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered black voters in Mississippi.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, and later sexual orientation and gender identity.

Selma March 1965

Three protest marches along the 54-mile highway from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. The marches were organized by nonviolent activists, including MLK Jr. Many peaceful protesters were injured or even killed in what became known as "Bloody Sunday." They were demonstrating the desire of African-American citizens to exercise their constitutional right to vote, they contributed to passage that year of the Voting Rights Act.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A law prohibiting racial discrimination in voting.

Sit-ins 1960-1961

Protest started with four black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; more students joined in the protest and in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Albany Movement 1961-1962

The Albany Movement was a desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Georgia, on November 17, 1961, by local activists, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Significance: The Albany Movement was the first mass movement in the modern civil rights era to have desegregation of an entire community as a goal. It resulted in the jailing of more than 1,000 African Americans in Albany and surrounding rural counties. Martin Luther King Jr. was drawn into the movement in December 1961 when hundreds of black protesters, including himself, were arrested in one week, but eight months later King left Albany admitting that he had failed to accomplish the movement's goals. Albany was important because of King's involvement and because of the lessons he learned that he would soon apply in Birmingham, Alabama.

Martin Luther King Jr.

A civil rights activist and Baptist minister who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. He sought equality and human rights for African Americans, the economically disadvantaged and victims of injustice through peaceful protest. He was the driving force behind events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the 1963 March on Washington, which helped bring about such landmark legislation as the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.

Malcolm X

An American Muslim minister and civil rights leader. He was a black nationalist and was critical of most civil rights leaders of being too accommodating with white people. He converted to the Nation of Islam (NOI) and became a well-known minister in the movement but later but later separated from NOI and converted to Sunni Islam. He was assassinated in 1965.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Of all US presidents, he led the US federal government into enacting the most far-reaching civil rights legislation when he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law. His plan to create a "Great Society" in the USA by ending poverty including ideas that would impact education, healthcare, the arts, social welfare and transportation. Many ideas were enacted but others were criticized for being piecemeal and lacking overarching coordination. The ever-expanding, costly, and divisive war in Vietnam meant that much of his Great Society programs fell by the wayside.

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) 1909-present

Civil rights organization involved in political lobbying, publicity efforts, and litigation strategies developed by their legal team. Primarily fought against lynching and segregation of schools. Advocacy helped pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

Civil rights organization formed by pastors in wake of bus boycotts; MLK was president. Rooted in Christian beliefs and inspired by Gandhi. Pacifist & integrationist; trained thousands of activists in nonviolent philosophy. Filed lawsuits against governments who maintained segregated facilities, conducted voter registration drives, organized boycotts, fought against poverty through job programs (Poor People's Campaign; 1968). Lost influence after MLK's assassination & popularity of Black Nationalism.

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

Civil rights organization formed in midst of college lunch counter sit-ins; grass-roots student-led organization (led from bottom up; not top down like NAACP/SCLC). Faced direct KKK violence. Leading force in voter registration in rural South. Involved in campaigns regarding interstate transportation, public facilities and voting rights. Used nonviolent resistance combined with less centralized leadership (became more radical later).

NOI (Nation of Islam)

Founded in 1930 & led by Elijah Muhammad. Emphasis on Africanism, racial separatism, Islamic law, self-reliance and self-governance. Black Nationalism! (Popular in urban North). Established private schools, protected mosques, traveled to spread ideology. Advocated forceful self-defense. Did NOT run campaigns for voting or integration. Malcolm X was most famous member but later split from the movement.

Black Panther Party (BPP)

A new militant political party formed in 1966 by political activists Bobby Seale and Huey Newton. Formed as a result of racial profiling and police brutality. Led to a more serious split in the movement with radical groups such as this one moving away from moderate & non-violent organizations.

Were very involved in their community. Fought to end poverty, improve education, offer healthcare in the ghettos. Created Free Breakfast for Children Program, free medical clinics, first aide, free clothing, self defense, end of prostitution, and alcohol/drug rehabilitation, all things they felt the government did NOT provide to African American communities.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Non-Violent Direct Action

Practice of achieving goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, etc without using violence. MLK's strategy for civil rights movement inspired by Gandhi.

Black Power Movement

A social movement motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency caused by the failures of the mainstream civil rights movement and a turn towards militancy.

Came to represent the demand for more immediate violent action to counter American white supremacy, new organizations that supported Black Power philosophies ranging from socialism to black nationalism, including the Black Panther Party (BPP), grew to prominence.

Resulted in a worldwide spread of Black Power ideals, and establishment of Black-operated services and businesses.

Black Nationalism

Advocacy of or support for unity and political self-determination for black people, especially in the form of separate institutions—or even a separate nation—for Black people.

Brown II (1955)

A Supreme Court case decided in 1955, a year after Brown v. Board of Education because many all-white schools in the United States had not followed the ruling, the Court ordered them to integrate their schools "with all deliberate speed."

Consequence:

-Brown II did make it clear that schools in the United States would have to desegregate.

-It also set out a process for making sure schools integrated, by giving federal district courts the power to supervise the schools, control how long they could have to desegregate, and punish them if they refused to integrate.

-However, many states, especially in the South, were able to avoid integrating their schools for years because Brown II did not set a specific deadline for integration.

-Justice Warren's ruling that schools needed to desegregate "with all deliberate speed" was vague and could have many different meanings.

Continuity: States and schools that did not want to integrate chose meanings that gave them excuses not to let black students into their schools.

The Great Society

a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted Medicare, civil rights legislation, federal aid to education, and social welfare programs.

COINTELPRO

An FBI counterintelligence program begun in 1956 and continued until 1971 that sought to destabilize, disrupt, and discredit groups considered to be radical political organizations: Targeted black nationalist, civil rights, and antiwar groups during the Vietnam War. Led by J. Edgar Hoover.

White Moderate

In Martin Luther King Jr.'s, "Letter from Birmingham Jail" he states that the white moderate is the "Negro's great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom". They are "more devoted to order than to justice; who prefers...the absence of tension to a positive peace. They constantly advises "the Negro to wait for a more convenient season."