AP Music Theory Review

real sequence

sequence that follows same intervals

tonal sequence

notes follow key signature

false sequence

partly repetition and partly sequence-repeats party of figure and states remainder in sequence

motif

small repeating part, can be notes/half steps or rhythm

change of mode

major to minor/minor to major

modified sequence

notes contain embellishments

change of mode

melody written in parallel major or minor

period

two phrases

parallel period

both phases start with same melody

contrasting period

two phrases are not similar melodically

anticipation

approached by step and stay same. basically note of second chord played early

neighboring tone

approached by step and returns to original state, lower neighbors when it goes lower

passing tone

approached by step then continues by step in same direction, looks like scale

half cadence

anything to V, last chord is V, iv6 in minor

plagal cadence

IV to I, hallelujah chorus ending

imperfect authentic cadence

V to I, can have inversions in either, last chord may not have tonic in highest and lowest, vii diminished can substitute V

perfect authentic cadence

V to I, no inversions on either, tonic in bass and highest note of last chord, no chord substitutions

deceptive cadence

V to vi (to minor)

changing tones/double neighboring tones/a neighbor group

two non harmonic tones in succession- 1st tone approached by step, then skips in opposite direction, then resolves by step

escape tone

approached by step and skips in opposite direction

retardation

keeps note same then goes up step

suspension

keeps note the same then steps downward-accented

appoggiatura

approached by skip and steps in opposite direction, accented bc there are in second chord

non harmonic or non chord tones

notes that do not belong in a certain chord

1 sharp

G major, E minor

2 sharps

D major, B minor

3 sharps

A major, F sharp minor

4 sharps

E major, C sharp minor

5 sharps

B major, G sharp minor

6 sharps

F sharp major, D sharp minor

7 sharps

C sharp major, A sharp minor

1 flat

F major, D minor

two flats

B flat major, G minor 

3 flats

E flat major, C minor

4 flats

A flat major, F minor

5 flats

D flat major, B flat minor

6 flats

G flat major, E flat minor

7 flats

C flat major, A flat minor

1st note

tonic

2nd note

super tonic

3rd note

mediant

4th note

subdominant

5th note

dominant

6th note

submediant

7th note

leading tone, or subtonic in natural minor

melodic minor

flat 3rd of major

natural minor-raise 6th and 7th on way up, lower them on way down

harmonic minor

flat 3rd and 6th of major

natural-raise 7th, half step 2-3, 7-8, step and a half between 6-7

natural minor

follows key signature, half step between 2-3, and 5-6, whole step between 7-8

blues scale

flat 3rd and 7th of major—½ step between 2-3 in major, ½ step between 3-4 in minor, starts with pentatonic 

scale starts on 1

ionian

scale starts on 2

dorian

scale starts on 3

phrygian

scale starts on 4

lydian

scale starts on 5

mixolydian

scale starts on 6

aeolian

scale starts on 7

locrian

major scale half steps

3-4, 7-8

major pentatonic

12356, skip 4 and 7 (both would be ½ step)

minor pentatonic

13467, skip 2 and 5

A minor

C major

E minor

G major

B minor

D major

F sharp minor

A major

C sharp minor

E major

G sharp minor

B major

D sharp minor

F sharp major

A sharp minor

C sharp major

D minor

F major

G minor

B flat major

C minor

E flat major

F minor

A flat major

B flat minor

D flat major

E flat minor

G flat major

A flat minor

C flat major

Major Triad + Major 7th

Major 7th (M7)

Minor Triad + Minor 7th

Minor 7th/minor-minor (m7)

Diminished triad + minor 7th

Half Diminished 7th/diminished minor (o/)

Minor triad + major 7th

minor-major (mM)

Augmented triad + major 7th

augmented 7th (7+)

Major triad + minor 7th

Dominant 7th (7)

Diminished triad + diminished 7th

fully diminished (o7)

minor and diminished chords in major scale

ii, iii, vi minor, vii diminished

minor and diminished chords in natural minor

i, iv, v, ii diminished

minor, diminished, and augmented chords in harmonic minor

iv minor, ii and vii diminished, III augmented

contrary motion

melody moves in opposite direction of bass (one goes up one goes down)

oblique motion

one voice is same other moves

similar motion

bass and soprano move in same direction but different intervals

parallel motion

soprano and bass move in same direction at same interval