GCSU Psych Exam 1

What is primary appraisal?

Split-second mental check when you first encounter a stressor.

What is secondary appraisal?

Your body’s attempt at using resources to overcome a stressor.

What is the identification ego defense mechanism?

Increasing self-worth by acquiring attributes and characteristics of someone that one desires.

What is the introjection ego defense mechanism?

Integrating the beliefs and values of another individual into one’s own ego structure.

What is “OARS” in the context of motivational interviewing?

Open-ended questions

Affirmations

Reflections

Summaries

What is SBIRT?

SBIRT refers to screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment. It is used to identify, present, and report substance misuse.

What is catharsis?

The release of pent-up emotions leading to emotional relief.

What is the systems model in regards to family intervention?

Treats the family as a unit to identify and change malicious behaviors. It views the family as a system of subsystems.

What is differentiation of self?

The concept of balancing one’s ability to make important life choices while remaining emotionally connected to their family.

What is the family projection process?

When parents project their struggles onto their children and blame them for their issues.

What is the goal of the systems model?

Increase differentiation of self while remaining in touch with the family system.

What is the structural model?

Family is viewed as a social system the individual lives in and must adapt to.

What does family as a system refer to?

Problems aren’t individual but belong to the family system with each member affecting the whole.

What are transactional patterns?

The underlying framework of rules, roles, and hierarchies that dictates how family members react.

What is the goal of the structural model?

Help families create more functional structures, leading to improved communication and resolution of symptoms.

What is the strategic model?

The family is viewed as a problem-solving unit or task force.

What does circular causality refer to?

The belief that no single person is at fault but rather the family’s interconnected, cyclical interactions maintain the problem.

What is the goal of the strategic model?

To help solve specific, current problems by directly changing dysfunctional interaction patterns within a family system.

What is the difference between a blunted and flat affect?

Blunted affect is a reduced emotional expression while flat is a near total absence of emotional expression.

What are SAMHSA’s 4 major dimensions of recovery?

Health, home, purpose, and community.

What does the tidal model refer to?

Using a person-centered approach to help patients manage their problems by actively listening to the patient’s concerns.

What is the WRAP recovery model?

A system of recovery by making a toolbox to address stress by understanding what your triggers are.

What are the 4 tenants of recovery?

Hope, responsibility, self & identity, and meaning & purpose.

What are the 5 stages of recovery?

Moratorium, awareness, preparation, rebuilding, growth.

What are the characteristics of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?

• Focuses on unconscious thoughts.

• Uses in-depth talk therapy

What is interpersonal psychotherapy?

Therapy that assumes symptoms and social dysfunctions are correlated with difficulties. It’s helpful for eating disorders.

What is reality therapy?

Therapy that focuses on unmet needs and how they relate to ineffective behavior.

What is dialectical behavioral therapy?

Therapy that focuses on learning emotional regulation and stress tolerance. Used for BPD and suicidal ideation.

What is flooding?

Voluntarily letting someone expose you to your biggest fear.

What is positive reinforcement?

Addressing negative behavior with a positive response.

What is negative reinforcement?

Addressing negative behavior with a negative response.

When is patient autonomy ignored?

If the patient expresses profound intention of harming themselves or others, or have severe mental disabilities.

If a patient is at danger of harming themselves or others, can medications be forced onto them?

Yes.

What does the frontal lobe do?

Control voluntary body movement, thinking, problem solving, decision making, and your personality.

Damage to Broca’s area leads to what?

Expressive aphasia.

Alzheimer’s, OCD, anxiety, BPD, and schizophrenia are all disorders of what lobe?

Frontal lobe.

What does the parietal lobe control?

Sensory input, perception, touch, taste, pain.

What does the temporal lobe control?

Memory, receptive aphasia, and smell.

What does the occipital lobe control?

Vision.

What does the thalamus do?

Block out signals that you don’t need in a given context.

What does the hypothalamus do?

Control things you like to do (appetite, thirst, sleep, sex drive) and temperature.

What does the midbrain deal with?

Pain and reflexes.

What does the pons control?

Dreaming, sleep, and respiratory function.

What does the medulla control?

Vital signs and reflexes such as swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting.

What does the cerebellum do?

Control involuntary movement.

What should a patient avoid if they are administered benzodiazepines?

Alcohol, opiates, cough meds, CNS depressants.

What should a patient taking MAOI’s avoid?

Tyramine foods (aged cheese, red wines, processed meats), other antidepressants, morphine.

What should you avoid taking TCA’s with?

• SSRI’s

  • Serotonin syndrome.

• Epinephrine/Clonidine

  • Severe hypertension

• St. John’s Wart/Tramadol

  • Seizures, serotonin syndrome

In order for the mood stabilizer lithium to work, what must be stable in the patient’s body?

Salt levels.

What is the therapeutic range of lithium?

0.6 - 1.2

What are some common side effects of clozapine?

Agranulocytosis.

Low serotonin is associated with…

Depression, anxiety, OCD.

Low dopamine is associated with…

Parkinson’s disease, depression, ADHD, substance abuse disorder

High dopamine is associated with…

Schizophrenia

High norepinephrine is associated with…

Panic attacks, mania in bipolar disorder.

Imbalances in norepinephrine can cause…

Anxiety, PTSD, depression.

Low GABA is associated with…

Anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, schizophrenia.

High glutamate is associated with…

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder

Low glutamate is associated with…

Cognitive deficits, depression.

Low acetylcholine is associated with…

Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive impairments.

Low endorphins are associated with…

Depression, chronic pain conditions.

Oxytocin dysregulation may contribute to…

Social anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, difficulties with emotional connections.

Histamine imbalances can influence…

Sleep disorders, anxiety, schizophrenia.

What are some examples of substance-induced disorders?

Intoxication, withdrawal, psychosis, bipolar, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders.

What causes Werenicke’s encephalopathy?

A side effect of alcohol use that results from a thiamine deficiency.

What is korsakoff psychosis?

A mental disorder that is caused by a thiamine deficiency. Manifests in amnesia and disorientation.

What is crucial to be given during an alcohol detox program?

Thiamine.

What are some CNS alterations from fetal alcohol syndrome?

Learning deficits, memory deficits, lower attention span, reduced hearing.

What are some birth defects as a result of fetal alcohol syndrome?

Small head size, shorter-than-average weight, heart/kidney issues, skin folds at the corner of the eye.

What are some symptoms of alcohol intoxication?

Sexually aggressive impulses, impaired judgement, slurred speech, nystagmus, flushed face.

What are some symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

Hand tremors, N/V, tachycardia, diaphoresis, anxiety, hallucinations.

Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder refer to what drugs?

Barbiturates, nonbarbiturates, benzodiazepines.

What scale is used to monitor withdrawal in anxiolytic use disorder?

CIWA.

What does cross-tolerance refer to?

Becoming resistant to the effects of one drug because of tolerance to another drug with a similar action.

What does cross-dependence refer to?

Becoming dependent on another drug because of its similar effects.

Side effects of anxiolytic use

Lack of dreams, respiratory depression, CV effects, decreased body temperature, oliguria.

Anxiolytic use intoxication side effects

Similar to alcohol, but may include coma.

Anxiolytic use disorder withdrawal side effects

Same as alcohol withdrawal.

Stimulant use disorders refers to…

Cocaine, nicotine, bath salts, ritalin, adderall, amphetamines, caffeine.

Effects of stimulant use

Suppressed appetite, lack of sleep, diarrhea (nicotine), excessive urination (caffeine), sexual urge increased.

Side effects of stimulant withdrawal

Fatigue, cramps, depression, headaches (caffeine withdrawal), nightmares, thoughts of suicide.

Inhalant-use disorder refers to…

White-out, markers, spray paint, keyboard duster, gas, nitrous oxide, etc.

Inhalant use intoxication signs

Dizziness, euphoria, nystagmus, slurred speech, muscle weakness, coma (high dose).

What are some side effects of opioid intoxication?

Euphoria that turns into dysphoria, pupillary constriction, drowsiness, slurred speech.

What are some side effects of opioid withdrawal?

Dysphoria, muscle aches, pupillary dilation, piloerection, fever.

Physiological effects of hallucinogen use

N/V, chills, pupillary dilation, tachycardia, bradypnea.

Psychological effects of hallucinogen use

Heighted awareness, distorted vision, derealization, increased libido.

Side effects of cannabis withdrawal

Anger, sleep difficulty, weight loss, depression.

What scale is used for opiate use disorder?

COWS

What does codependency refer to?

Taking care of others at the expense of one’s own needs.

What is disulfiram used to treat?

Alcohol abuse.

What is used to treat alcohol withdrawal?

Benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, anticonvulsants.

What is used to treat alcohol abstinence?

Naltrexone.

What drugs are used to treat opiate withdrawal?

Methadone, clonidine.

How should hostility be treated in a group session?

Redirection.

When speaking with an adolescent client, is formal language therapeutic or nontherapeutic?

Nontherapeutic.

Symptoms of serotonin syndrome

Hyperreflexia, fever, diarrhea.

Symptoms of neuromalignant syndrome

Muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, elevated creatinine kinase

Why must benzodiazepines be tapered?

Prevent withdrawal seizures.

Lithium toxicity symptoms

Tremor, slurred speech, diarrhea, ataxia