Stratification and Social Theories

These flashcards cover key concepts in stratification and social theories, including definitions, theories, and key theorists.

What is stratification in society?

Stratification is the hierarchical organization of a society into groups with differing levels of power, social prestige, and economic resources.

What does socioeconomic status (SES) encompass?

SES includes an individual's position in a stratified social order, which involves lifestyle, culture, and ideologies, not just income.

What is the main idea of Conflict Theory?

Conflict Theory argues that conflict among competing interests drives society and leads to social change.

How does Karl Marx view economic systems?

Marx believed that economic systems determine social structure, and that class struggle drives historical change.

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe about human nature?

Rousseau believed that humans are naturally pure and good, but society corrupts human nature.

Define social equality.

Social equality is a condition in which no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status exist based on nonnatural conventions.

What is dialectical materialism?

Dialectical materialism is the idea that conflict over economic and material resources drives social change.

What are the two primary social classes identified by Karl Marx?

The two primary social classes are the Bourgeoisie (owning class) and the Proletariat (working class).

What is the significance of the Master-Slave Dialectic?

Hegel’s Master-Slave Dialectic illustrates the mutual dependency between oppressors and the oppressed, which can lead to transformation.

How is capitalism defined?

Capitalism is an economic system where property and goods are privately owned, and decisions regarding investments are made by private individuals.

What was the main outcome of the Agricultural Revolution?

The Agricultural Revolution increased food production and farming efficiency, leading to a labor force for factories.

What are the four principles of McDonaldization?

The four principles are Efficiency, Calculability, Predictability, and Control.

Explain the 'Motherhood Penalty'.

The Motherhood Penalty refers to the significant drop in a mother's earnings after having children compared to her male counterparts.

What is intersectionality?

Intersectionality is the study of how overlapping identities (like race, gender, class) create unique modes of discrimination.

How does implicit bias operate?

Implicit bias consists of unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect actions and decisions without realization.

Define structural racism.

Structural racism refers to institutions and social dynamics that may appear race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups.

What is color-blind racism?

Color-blind racism is the view that racial inequality is perpetuated by ignoring race, which reinforces systemic racism.

Which social theorist is known for the concept of 'doing gender'?

Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman introduced the concept of 'doing gender', emphasizing that gender roles are actively performed.

What are the implications of hidden biases in society?

Hidden biases contribute to discrimination, structural racism, and inequality, affecting life chances and societal interactions.

What is the role of the Power Elite according to Domhoff?

The Power Elite refers to a small group of high-ranking individuals from corporate, political, and military sectors who wield significant influence over national decisions.