Emotional Development

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Last updated 1:47 AM on 4/21/26
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55 Terms

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**Temperament**
Individual differences in emotional and behavioral tendencies
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**Kagan’s Approach**
Temperament on continuum from inhibited to uninhibited
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**Thomas & Chess Approach**
Temperament categorized into types
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**Rothbart’s Approach**
Temperament defined by multiple dimensions
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**Thomas & Chess Dimensions**
Activity level; approach/avoidance; adaptability; attention span/persistence; distractibility; intensity; mood quality; responsiveness; rhythmicity
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**Easy Temperament**
Positive affect and approach (~40%)
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**Slow-to-Warm-Up Temperament**
Fearful/inhibited (~15%)
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**Difficult Temperament**
Negative affect/irritability (~10%)
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**Rothbart Dimensions**
Fear; distress at limitations (anger/frustration); attention span; activity level; smiling/laughter
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**Effortful Control**
Self-regulation including attention and inhibitory control
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**Surgency/Extraversion**
Activity; approach; impulsivity; high-intensity pleasure
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**Negative Affectivity**
Discomfort; fear; frustration; sadness; soothability
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**Genetic Influence**
Strong genetic basis of temperament
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**Prenatal Influences**
Teratogens and nutrition impact temperament
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**Passive Correlations**
Home environment shaped by parent temperament
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**Evocative Correlations**
Child temperament influences parental responses
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**Goodness of Fit**
Match between temperament and environment
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**Orchid Children**
High susceptibility to environment
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**Dandelion Children**
Low susceptibility
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**Tulip Children**
Moderate susceptibility
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**Emotion**
Experience involving expression
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**Primary Emotions**
Basic
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**Secondary Emotions**
Complex emotions developing later
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**Components of Emotion**
Emotional expression; physiological response; neurobiological response; action tendency
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**Discrete Emotions Theory**
Emotions are innate
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**Functionalist Perspective**
Emotions serve goals and act as messengers
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**Happiness Development**
Smiling (infancy); social smiles (~3 months); laughter (3–4 months); increases in first year; humour develops in preschool
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**Fear Development**

Begins ~7 months; stranger fear (~8 months); separation anxiety is a common result

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**Anxiety**
Future-oriented fear; changes across development
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**Anger Development**
Clear by 1 year; increases 4–16 months; peaks ~18 months then declines
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**Sadness Development**
Linked to separation; less frequent than anger by preschool
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**Disgust Development**
Learned from adults; initially food-related; later behavior-related
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**Surprise Development**
Emerges ~6 months; reflects recognition of unexpected events; influenced by parents
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**Self-Conscious Emotions**
Require self-awareness; include guilt and shame
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**Guilt**
Focus on others
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**Shame**
Focus on self
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**Development of Self-Conscious Emotions**
Differences visible by ~2 years
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**Understanding Emotions**
Learning to interpret emotional cues
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**Social Referencing**
Using others’ emotional expressions to guide behavior
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**Emotional Intelligence**
Ability to process and understand emotions
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**Outcomes of Emotional Intelligence**
Better self-management; reduced aggression; better mental health; improved coping
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**Real vs. False Emotions (1.5 years)**
Recognize exaggerated/fake displays
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**Real vs. False Emotions (3 years)**
Mask negative feelings
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**Real vs. False Emotions (4–6 years)**
Understand expressions can mislead
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**Real vs. False Emotions (5 years)**
Improved understanding of false emotions
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**Emotion Display Rules**
Social rules for expressing emotions
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**Emotion Regulation**
Managing emotional arousal
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**Co-regulation**
Caregiver helps regulate child’s emotions
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**Self-comfort**
Repetitive soothing behaviors
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**Self-distraction**
Redirecting attention from distress
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**Emotion Regulation (Young Children)**
Relies on co-regulation
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**Emotion Regulation (Older Children)**
Uses cognitive
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**Emotion Reactivity**
Differences in intensity and threshold of emotional responses
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**Impacts of Emotion Regulation**
Increased social competence; fewer negative peer experiences; better academics; improved mental health
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**Role of Family**
Influences emotional development