Anatomy Exam 2: Head/Neck/Back Fire Qs

How many bones are in the neck?

8 (7 cervical vertebrae, 1 hyoid bone)

What is the origin(s) of the trapezius? (3)

Posterior skull (occipital bone)

Spinous process of all cervical vertebrae via ligament (ligamentum nuchae)

Spinous processes of all thoracic vertebrae

What are the insertions for the trapezius? (3)

Lateral third of the clavicle

Acromion

Crest of the spine of the scapula, superior lip

What are the actions of the trapezius? (3)

Upward rotation of the scapula

Elevation of the scapula and lateral clavicle (upper fibers)

Depression of the scapula and lateral clavicle (lower fibers)

What are the origins of the latissimus dorsi? (4)

Lower 3 or 4 ribs

Spinous processes of the lower 6 thoracic vertebrae

Spinous processes of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae via aponeurosis

Iliac crest

What are the insertions of the latissimus dorsi? (1)

Intertubercular groove (or sulcus) of the humerus

What are the actions of the latissimus dorsi? (3)

Adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint

Extension of the arm at the shoulder joint

Medial rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint

What is the innervation of the trapezius? (2)

CN XI, accessory nerve

Ventral rami of C3 and C4

What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi? (1)

Thoracodorsal nerve

What are the origins of the levator scapulae? (1)

Transverse processes of CV1 to CV4

What are the insertions of the levator scapulae? (1)

medial border of the scapula superior to the scapular spine

What is the action of the levator scapulae?

Elevation of the scapula

What is the innervation of the levator scapulae?

Ventral rami of C3 and C4

What is the origin of rhomboid minor?

Spinous processes of CV7 and TV1

What is the insertion of the rhomboid minor?

Medial border of the scapula AT the scapular spine

What is the action of the rhomboid major?

Adduction of the scapula

What is the innervation of the rhomboid major?

Dorsal scapula nerve

What isn the origin of the rhomboid major?

Spinous processes of TV2 - TV5

What is the insertion of the rhomboid major?

Medial border of the scapula INFERIOR to the scapular spine

What is the action of the rhomboid minor?

Adduction of the scapula

What is the innervation of the rhomboid minor?

Dorsal scapular nerve

What are the 3 erector spinae muscles?

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

The cervical region has how many pairs of spinal nerves?

8

The thoracic region has how many pairs of spinal nerves?

12

The lumbar region has how many pairs of spinal nerves?

5

The sacral region has how many pairs of spinal nerves?

5

The coccygeal region has how many pairs of spinal nerves?

1

Do cervical spinal nerves come out above or below the vertebral body?

ABOVE

Do thoracic spinal nerves come out above or below the vertebral body?

BELOW

Do lumbar spinal nerves come out above or below the vertebral body?

BELOW

Out of the 22 skull bones, how many of them are cranial bones?

8

How many bones are in the skull?

22

Out of the 22 skull bones, how many of them are facial bones?

14

What are the 8 cranial bones?

Frontal bone

Parietal bones (2)

Occipital bone

Temporal bones (2)

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

What are the 14 facial bones?

Maxilla (2)

Mandible

Zygomatic (cheek bone - 2)

Nasal bones (2)

Lacrimal bones (2)

Inferior nasal conchae (turbinate) (2)

Palatine (2)

Vomer (1)

Out of the 14 facial bones, which are the only 2 not paired?

Vomer

Mandible

T/F the middle and inferior nasal conchae are found in ethmoid bone.

FALSE

The SUPERIOR and middle nasal conchae are found in the ethmoid bone, the inferior is not

What makes up layer 1 of the scalp?

Skin

What makes up layer 2 of the scalp?

Close subcutaneous tissue

What makes up layer 3 of the scalp?

Aponeurosis

What makes up layer 4 of the scalp?

Loose subcutaneous tissue

What makes up layer 5 of the scalp?

Pericranium

Which scalp layer is richly vascularized and well supplied with nerves?

layer 2

Which scalp layer contains the galea aponeurotica?

layer 3

Is the vertebral column located in the anterior or posterior portion of the trunk?

Posterior

What are the 4 functions of the vertebral column?

1. Posture

2. Support

3. Protection of the spinal cord and spinal nerves

4. Partial protection for the thoracic and abdominal organs

?What are the 3 moveable portions of the vertebral column?

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

What are the fibrocartilaginous structures found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?

Intervertebral discs

How many bones are in the vertebral column before fusion?

33

In the fetus, is the vertebral column has how many curvatures?

1

What is the curvature that is concave anteriorly and is in the fetus?

primary curvature

What is the primary curvature a result from?

The difference in height between the anterior and posterior aspects of the vertebral bodies

What are the 4 curvatures that exist in the adult vertebral column?

Cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

Out of the 4 adult curvatures, which 2 retain primary curvatures?

thoracic and sacral

Out of the 4 adult curvatures, which 2 retain secondary curvatures?

cervical and lumbar

Which curvatures is concave posteriorly?

secondary curvature

What does the secondary curvature concave posteriorly?

the difference in heights between the anterior and posterior aspects of the intervertebral discs

What structure in typical vertebrae is a large round mass if a vertebra; forming the anterior aspect of the vertebrae?

body

What structure in typical vertebrae lies POSTERIOR to the body and is formed by 2 laminae?

vertebral arch

What structure in typical vertebrae is a bridge of bone extending from the posterior aspect of the body?

pedicle

What structure in typical vertebrae is a flat plate of bone extending from the pedicle?

lamina

What 2 structures in typical vertebrae fuse with each other in the median plane?

lamina

What structure in typical vertebrae is the hole in the center of the vertebra?

vertebral foramen

What structure in typical vertebrae houses the spinal cord?

vertebral foramen

What make up the boundaries of the vertebral foramen?

Anterior: body

Posterior: laminae

Lateral: pedicles

What structure is formed by the individual vertebral foramina, when the 24 presacral vertebrae are articulated?

vertebral canal

What structure in typical vertebrae is a single process that projects posteriorly from each vertebral arch at the junction of the two laminae?

spinous processes

What structures in typical vertebrae are the two processes that project from the junction of a lamina and a pedicle?

transverse processes

What structures in typical vertebrae are two processes that project superiorly to articulate with the inferior articular processes of the suprajacent vertebra?

superior articular processes

What structures in typical vertebrae are two processes that project inferiorly to articulate with the superior articular processes of the infrajacent vertebrae?

inferior articular process

What joint lies between the superior and the inferior articular process?

zygapophyseal or facet joint

What are found on the superior and inferior surface of the pedicle in typical vertebrae?

vertebral notches

When two vertebrae articulate, what do the notches form? What do they house?

Intervertebral foramen

Spinal nerve

The vertebral artery ascends through what space that is found in all cervical vertebrae?

transverse foramen

How far does the vertebral artery ascend?

CV6-CV1

Which vertebrae contain bifid spinous processes?

Cervical

Cervical vertebrae CV3-CV6 contain what lateral projections?

bifid transverse processes

T/F the cervical vertebra that contains no body also contains no laminae or spinous process.

TRUE

What are the laminae and spinous process replaced by in the atlas?

posterior arch

What is the body replaced by in the atlas?

dens of CV2

T/F the superior articular processes are convex for articulation with the occipital condyles.

FALSE

Concave

What is the dens also called?

odontoid process

What vertebra has the longest and most prominent spinous process?

CV7

The vertebral vein is the only vessel coursing in what vertebra's transverse foramen?

CV7

What vertebrae have no foramina in the transverse processes?

thoracic

There are transverse costal facets on all of the transverse processes of what vertebrae?

thoracic

Name this joint: the head of the rib articulates with the body of the vertebra.

costovertebral joint

Name this joint: the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra.

costotransverse joint

Which vertebrae contain no foramina or facets on the transverse processes?

lumbar

What vertebrae are the largest in size?

lumbar

T/F the presacral vertebrae decrease in size going from superior to inferior.

FALSE

they increase in size

Why do the vertebrae increase in size when going from superior to inferior?

each successive vertebra must support the weight of all the structures supporting it

Where do vertebrae no longer support body weight?

lumbosacral region

T/F the sacrum and coccygeal vertebra decrease in size moving inferiorly.

TRUE

How many fused bones does the sacrum contain?

5

What does the intervertebral disc inferior to LV5 articulate with?

sacral promontory

What does the ala of the sacrum articulate with?

the ilium of the hip bone

What is the smooth surface on the lateral side of the ala that forms the sacro-iliac (SI) joint with the ilium?

auricular surface

What is the inferior portion of the sacrum called?

coccyx

The pelvic sacral foramina have 4 pairs of openings for what ventral rami?

S1 to S4