forensic exam 3

pugalistic pose

pose body takes upon heat contraction

tissue shielding and effects of burning

heat lines - black to brown to white where tissue shielded from burn

thermal fracturing/flaking and shrinkage (up to 33 percent of length can be lost)

calcined bone

ceramic texture of extremely burned bone

forces that cause trauma

5 directions: tension (pulling), compression (pushing), torsion (twisting), bending, shearing (clean break)

speed: dynamic (sudden, powerful) or static (slowly applied until break)

focus: narrow (small applied area) or wide (large applied area)

fracture types

complete, simple - completely seperated (two peices)

transverse - at right angle to bone

spiral - from a twist

oblique - diagonal

compound - bone breaks through skin

closed - skin not disrupted

comminuted - more than two peices

fracture lines

radiating - sunburst, travelling outward

linear - traveling

concentric - connecting radiating fracture lines (from pressure inside)

fleshed thermal bone fractures

warping, transverse, irregularity, thumbnail shapes

dry thermal bone fractures

longitudal splitting, flaking surface, less warping

differential diagnosis

determination of type/cause of variation through deductive analysis

four categories of skeletal variation

• Normal anatomical variation (frontal sinus pattern, mechanical implants)

• Skeletal anomalies (metopic suture, wormian bones, sesmoid bones)

• Pathological conditions

• Skeletal changes related to repetitive activity (eburnation)

Porotic Hyperostosis

anemic. lytic, porus lesions.

Periodontal Disease

tooth wear, loss, black

edentulous - sign of antemortem tooth loss. Alveolar Resorption.

Osteoarthritis

buildup of bone - lytic lesions - vertebre. age or mechanical stress.

eburnation

friction wear

Periostitis

long, flaky lyctic lesions striations of long bone

diseases which cause bone deformation

TB - holes in bone

Syphlis - lyctic deformation on cranium

leprosy - proliferative lesions, loss of phalanges

Osteomyelitis

infected bone, creates hole to release infection. cloaca

Entheses/Musculoskeletal Stress Markers (MSMs)

develop at muscle attachment and ligament sites

can identify general physical activities

9/11 forensic involvement

• sifting through ash, comingled remains, categorization of bone

• open population of ground zero, closed of pentagon and penn plane crash

DMORT

Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams

wildfire forensic involvment

sifting through ash, identifying human vs nonhuman

PMI

post mortem interval

antemortem

perimortem

postmortem

Healing timeline

• Clot formation (hours), hematoma (large internal bleed)
• Vascular bridge (days), bone to clot (brings nutreints to bone)
• Cell formation (throughout healing)
• Soft callous (weeks), organic matrix (cartiledge bonds)
• Bony callous (1-2 mo), woven bone (cartiledge replaced w bone)
• Bone remodeling (years), stabilized bone, replacement
over time with new, good bone (replaced with harder bone)