intelliegnce & achievement

Researchers debate

Intelligence and how to measure it has been debated for years by researchers. Researchers debate whether intelligence is a main factor (g) or composed of several different factors.

IQ tests

used to be mental age / chronological age * 100. Now, they have a SD (generally 15) and are mostly used to identify students for educational services.

Types of intelligence

• crystallized

• Fluid

• Emotional

Crystalized intelligence

acquired knowledge and skills

Fluid intelligence

ability to reason in an unfamiliar situation

Emotional intelligence

ability to understand your own and others’ emotions and respond appropriately

Stereotype Threat

fear of representing a stereotype makes you do worse

Flynn Effect

IQ scores have increased over the past century

What factors affect IQ score

Discrimination, poverty, and inequity

Intelligence is

highly heritable, meaning that a large part of the distribution of intelligence scores is caused by genetics

Hereditability % does NOT equal

% of your intelligence that is due to your genetics!!!

Types of tests

• achievements test

• Aptitude test

Achievement test

measures your knowledge

Aptitude test

measures your ability to learn

People who believe that intelligence is malleable (growth mindset) tend to

do better on achievement tests than people who believe that intelligence is inborn (fixed mindset).

Stanford-Binet was

initially a popular IQ test

what IQ tests are used now?

Now, the WAIS-4 (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale) and WISC-5 (Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children) are more popular

Test Construction

• Standardization

• Reliability

  • Split-half reliability

  • Test-retest reliability

• Validity

  • Predictive validity

  • Construct validity

Standardization:

everyone gets tested with consistent procedures and environment

Reliability:

test gets similar results every time it is administered

Split-half reliability:

if the test is split into two or more parts, does each part yield similar results?

Test-retest reliability:

if someone is tested again, will they get a similar score?

Validity:

test measures what it’s supposed to measure

Predictive validity:

ability of a test to measure future outcome

Construct validity:

ability of a test to measure factors that aren’t directly observable

Researchers of Intelligence

• Alfred Binet

• Lewis Terman

• Charles Spearman

• Louis Leon Thurstone

• Howard Gardner

• Robert Sternberg

Alfred Binet

IQ tests do not measure an inborn or permanent level of intelligence and should be used to identify students who needed more academic assistance. Intelligence is too complex to be quantified by a number

Lewis Terman

IQ is inherited and the strongest predictor of one’s success in life

Charles Spearman

IQ is made up of S-factors (specific factors) that make up one big G-factor (general intelligence). Specific factors are often positively correlated with each other

Louis Leon Thurstone

IQ is made up of seven factors: verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, numerical ability, perceptual speed, spatial visualization, inductive reasoning, and memory

Howard Gardner

IQ is made up of eight factors: naturalist, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, linguistic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and logical

Robert Sternberg

IQ is made up of three main factors: analytical intelligence (book smarts), practical intelligence (street smarts), and creative intelligence (creativity)