A&P-1 Final Exam Review (Rutgers Review)

A comprehensive vocabulary review for the Rutgers A&P-1 Final Exam, covering cytology, histology, the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, and nervous system.

Physiology

The field of science that studies the functions of the body and its parts.

Glucose

A type of carbohydrate classified as a monosaccharide.

$$CO_2$$

A gas produced as a byproduct of metabolic processes.

Ribosomes

Cellular organelles responsible for the synthesis of proteins.

Mitochondria

Organelles that provide energy; found in high concentrations in metabolically active cells.

Totipotent stem cell

A stem cell with the potential to differentiate into any cell type, commonly found in early embryos.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of membranous sacs and tubules within the cell involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Catabolism

The metabolic process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy.

Anabolism

The metabolic process of building larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.

Amino Acid Genetic Code

A sequence of 3 bases that codes for an individual amino acid.

Blood

A specialized type of connective tissue.

Mucous membranes

Membranes that line cavities and tubes which open to the outside of the body.

Dendrites

Extensions of a neuron that receive incoming signals and conduct them toward the cell body.

Melanin

The skin pigment that provides protection against UV radiation.

Albinism

A condition occurring due to a lack of melanin production.

Sebum

An oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands to lubricate the skin.

Cerumen

A waxy substance secreted in the ear canal, commonly known as earwax.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that synthesize the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Cells that function in the resorption and breakdown of bone tissue.

Axial skeleton

The division of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular skeleton

The division of the skeleton comprising the limbs and their supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Foramen magnum

The large opening in the base of the skull (occipital bone) through which the spinal cord passes.

Haversian systems

Structural units of compact bone, also known as osteons.

Cleft palate

A condition caused by the failure of the palatine processes of the maxillary bones or the palatine bones to fuse.

Synovial joint

The most complex type of joint, containing a fluid-filled joint cavity.

Sutures

Immovable fibrous joints found between the flat bones of the skull.

Bursa

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion and reduce friction between joints and surrounding tissues.

Sarcomere

The functional and structural unit of a muscle fiber, marked by Z lines.

Thick filaments

Muscle filaments composed exclusively of the protein myosin.

Ligaments

Connective tissue structures that attach one bone to another.

Tendons

Connective tissue structures that attach muscle to bone.

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps located between segments of the myelin sheath on an axon.

Meninges

The three protective layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Corpus callosum

A broad band of nerve fibers joining the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Baroreceptor

A sensory receptor that detects changes in pressure, often used to monitor blood pressure.

Order of light entry

The sequence: Cornea, Aqueous humor, Pupil, Lens, Vitreous humor, Retina (Mnemonic: corny ants prefer lovely violet roses, obviously).

Olfaction

The biological sense of smell.

Rule of 9's

A clinical method used to estimate the surface area of the body affected by burns.