Psychology Chapter 2
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91 Terms
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design
observational research study focusing on one or a few people
tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion
purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
results are predicted based on a general premise
variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments
grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
researcher expectations skew the results of the study
objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research
able to be disproven by experimental results
inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population
(plural: hypotheses) a testable prediction about how the world will behave if an idea is correct, often worded as an if-then statement
seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group
conclusions are drawn from observations
process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate
committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals
committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
observation of behavior in its natural setting
two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
subjects of psychological research
article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in
two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
consistency and reproducibility of a given result
repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability
subset of individuals selected from the larger population
experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.
Jane Goodall
A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.
operational definition
What does a correlation coefficient tell us?
The strength of relationship between variables
Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children’s development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.
confirmation bias
Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?
experimental
Dr. Wilmington is a social psychologist who studies the topic of love. He goes to a variety of places where couples are found (e.g., a restaurant and a mall) and watches how they interact with each other. Which research method is Dr. Wilmington using for his study?
naturalistic observation
In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.
random sampling; random group assignment
A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
confounding
Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.
case study
________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.
Inter-rater reliability
Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?
They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.
________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.
rodents
A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.
independent; dependent
What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she assesses six groups of participants, each group a different age, on a variable of interest at a single point in time?
cross-sectional
The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.
replication crisis
The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.
reliability
What is the only type of research method that allows for causation to be determined?
experiment
________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants.
Institutional Review Board
Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.
replication
A ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.
statistical analysis
Using the experimental method, a researcher investigates whether watching television while eating causes a person to eat more potato chips than one eats when not watching television. In this case, the number of potato chips eaten represents the _____ variable.
dependent
The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.
circular
An observational research study focusing on one or a few people, such as that of Phineas Gage, is known as _____.
a case study
This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.
The American Psychological Association
The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.
Margaret Floy Washburn
Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.
the scientific method
A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
confounding
________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
surveys
Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.
case studies
Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.
can sometimes be tested with animal studies
An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.
debrief participants; deception
Egor has a headache. His friend, Ivan, gives him a wristband and tells him that it contains technology that can relieve headaches. Egor puts the wristband on and reports that he feels much better. A few hours later Ivan explains that the wristband does not actually relieve headaches. Egor was experiencing _____.
the placebo effect
A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
longitudinal
In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.
double-blind
Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?
accuracy
Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.
type of play; no play
A negative correlation means ________.
one variable decreases as the other increases
Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.
case studies
In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?
Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.
Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.
the scientific method
Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, “Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!” This research study suffers from an absence of ________.
falsifiability