Human Anatomy and Physiology II Test

Which hormone synthesized in the thyroid gland decreases the blood calcium concentration?

Calcitonin

Which of the following are the molecular messengers of the endocrine system?

Hormones

Which of the following represents the definition of a tropic hormone?

A hormone that stimulates the secretion of other hormones

Which endocrine organ is located at the superior end of each kidney?

Adrenal gland

What condition results from the hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood?

gigantism

Which type of hormonal secretion only affects the cell that secreted the hormone?

Autocrine

Which hormone causes strong contractions of the uterus during labor?

oxytocin

In which of the following organs is the hormone insulin synthesized and stored?

Pancreas

In which of the following tissues is erythropoietin (EPO) synthesized in response to low blood levels, to stimulate the production of more red blood cells?

Kidney

Which of the following is a manifestation of either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, and appears as a bulge in the neck?

Goiter

Which gland does TSH act on?

thyroid

What does it mean when a patient has a low hematocrit?

Lower than normal percentage of red cells in the blood

Patients with which blood type can donate blood to individuals with any other blood type (universal donors)?

Type O

What is the name for the condition when tissues swell due to movement of fluid from the blood into the tissue fluids, often driven by reduced levels of proteins in the serum?

edema

Megakaryocytes give rise to which of the following formed elements in the blood?

Platelets

Patients with which blood type can receive blood from individuals with any other blood type

Type AB

What is the term which describes the development of T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and other mature blood types from a single type of adult stem cell?

Hematopoesis

Activation of which of the following proteins initiates the intrinsic clotting cascade?

Hageman factor (XII)

Which term specifically refers to the clumping of red blood cells by the actions of antibodies which bind to specific antigens on the surface of those red blood cells?

Agglutination

Which of the following tissues forms a loose-fitting sac around the heart?

Pericardium

Which of the following occurs during diastole?

Relaxation of the heart chambers

Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta?

Pulmonary artery

Which structure is commonly referred to as the pacemaker of the heart?

SA node

Which of the following sequences represents the normal sequence of impulse conduction through the heart?

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinjie fibers

Which of the following occurs during systole?

Contraction of the heart chambers

A thrombus (Blood clot) which blocks the first branch of the arch of the aorta would initially affect the flow of blood to which part of the human anatomy?

Right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves in passing from the vena cava to the lungs?

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve

Which of the following represents the sequence of the heart valve events after the ventricular walls contract?

Bicuspid and tricuspid valves close

Which of the following describes a major function of the chordiae tendinae?

Prevents the AV valves from swinging back into the atrium

What type of impulses are carried to the heart by means of nerve fibers that secrete acetyl choline and how does the heart respond to the impulses?

Parasympathetic impulses that cause the heart rate to decrease

In what part of the peripheral nervous system do valves help control the direction of blood flow?

Veins

Which arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients?

Coronary

Which of the following vessels carries blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary vein

What cells become immunocompetent because of thymosins released by the thymus glands?

T lymphocytes

What vasoconstricting mediator is released from platelet plug formation?

Serotonin

What is the normal white blood cell count range in a healthy adult?

5,000-10,000 cells per cubic millimeter of blood

Which property of Interleukin-1 (IL1) has caused it to be called an endogenous pyrogen?

Causes fever

What causes sickle-cell anemia?

An abnormal form of hemoglobin

Which statement best describes the relative permeability of lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries?

Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries

Which of the following prevents the backflow of lymph and facilitates one-way flow of lymph through the lymphatic capillaries?

Pressure from compression of the right atrium

Which of the following are biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature?

Red blood cells

The primary function of the B plasma cells, which are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes, is to perform which critical function in the immune defense system?

Produce antibodies

What is a common result of blockage or damage to lymphatic vessels?

Local swelling in tissues near those blocked or damaged

What form of anemia is caused by a lack of dieteray iron?

Hypochromic anemia

Which class of antibody is primarily found in the exocrine gland secretions and protects against bacteria?

IgA

What does the structural design of the brush border cells of the small intestine do?

Increase surface area

Which of the following best describes the process of fat emulsification?

Breaking fats into small droplets

What is the major source of the digestive enzymes which act in the small intestine?

Pancreas

What is the largest internal organ by mass?

liver

Which of the following is one of the major functions of the large intestine?

Reabsorb water from bile

Surgical removal of the parotid glands would contribute to which of the following conditions?

Dry mouth

Which represents the proper anatomical order of the colon, from the junction of the small intestine to the rectum?

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

An obstruction of the hepatopancreatic spincter will impair digestion by reducing the availability of which of the following to the intestine?

Pancreatic juice and bile

A deficiency in the secretion of which of the following into the intestine contributes to elevated levels of fat in the feces (steatorrhea)?

Bile

What is the duct leading directly from the gall bladder, through which bile secretions from the gall bladder flow to eventually reach the duodenum?

Cystic duct

In which organ is excess dietary glucose stored as glycogen, where it is later broken down into glucose units and released into the bloodstream to prevent hypoglycemia during periods between meals when blood sugar levels are low?

Liver

Which of the following vitamins is a steroid hormone and NOT an enzyme cofactor?

Vitamin D

Which of the following provides a short term energy source after cellular glucose supplies are depleted?

Glycogen

What class of molecules is the bodies first choice as a source for providing quick energy?

Carbohydrate

A precursor for which of the following vitamins exists in the skin and can be activated by exposure to ultraviolet light?

Vitamin D

Why does a deficiency of vitamin C result in the disease scurvy, which is characterized by inadequate wound healing, impaired bone development, and painful swollen joints?

Vitamin C is required for the expression of mature collagen, a central component skin, bone, and joints

In order to lose one pound of fat a persons diet must provide a deficit of how many calories?

3500 calories

Increased cellular respiration produces increased amounts of which of the following substances?

ATP

Because of the critical role in the biosynthesis of nucleotides, which of the following vitamins is often given to pregnant women to support the growth and development of the fetus?

Vitamin B12

What is the term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration?

Tidal volume

What type of cells line the trachea?

Cuboidal epithelium

Within the alveoli, surface tension is decreased and inflation is possible because of the presence of which of the following?

Mucus

What role does the serous fluid between the pleural membranes have other than to keep the membranes together?

Exchange gases

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

As bicarbonate ions in the plasma

Which of the following describes the action of the diaphragm during inhalation?

Contracts and moves downwards

Inhaled air is first warmed and moistened by which of the following?

Nasal mucosa

What cartilage is the clinical landmark for making an emergency airway (tracheostomy)?

Cricoid

What type of tissue keeps the trachea open?

Cartilage

Which of the following occurs during respiratory acidosis?

Hydrogen ions increase

What is the biological conduit through which urine from the bladder outside of the body during the process of urination?

urethra

Under normal conditions most nutrients are reabsorbed in which portion of the nephron?

Proximal tubule

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland would result in which of the following symptoms?

Polyuria

What force is responsible for the passage of proteins into the glomerular capsule?

Blood pressure in the capillary

Edema is defined as abnormally large amounts of fluid in which biological compartment?

Intercellular tissue spaces

The contraction of the detrusor muscle is critical for which of the following processes to occur?

Micturition

By what mechanism is the regulation of potassium secretion and sodium conservation and urine accomplished?

Aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium from the peritubular fluid.

Which of the following best describes secretion in the formation of urine?

The movement of substances out of the blood into the tubules

By what process do substances move from the glomerulus to the Bowmans capsule within the kidney?

Filtration

Which body fluid compartment contains the greatest percentage of total body water?

Intracellular

The most common problem with electrolyte balance is caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of which of the following ions?

Sodium ions

All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to which of the following changes?

Changes in the extracellular fluid compartment

Body fluid is compartmentalized into intracellular and extracellular areas. In which compartment does plasma belong?

Extracellular

Which male gland secretes a fructose sugar that is used as an energy source for sperm?

Seminal vesicle

Where in the testes is sperm produced?

Seminiferous tubules

Which hormones are directly necessary for sperm production?

FSH and testosterone

Which of the following describes what is produced by the process of spermatogenesis?

Sperm cells from puberty throughout life.

Where does capacitation in sperm usually occur?

In the fallopian tubes

What normally occurs at the onset of menstruation?

Blood levels of estrogens and progesterone increase

From which layer of the uterus is tissue sloughed during menstruation?

Endometrium

Which of the following best describes the activity of teratogens?

Increases risk for cancer

At what stage after fertilization is the developing egg implanted in the uterine wall?

The blastocyst

Where does oxygen and nutrients from the maternal blood diffuse into the bloodstream of the developing fetus?

Placenta

What is the primary germ layer which forms muscle tissue, bone, internal reproductive organs, and kidneys?

Mesoderm

What term describes the condition when an individual carries a genetic mutation associated with a disease but shows no clinical sign of disease?

Incomplete penetrance

Queen Victoria was a carrier of the hereditary disease Hemophilia. One of her sons had the disease as did several grandsons and great grandsons. No female descendent of Queen Victoria had the disease. In some lines of descent the disease appeared in a male child when neither parent had a disease what type of hereditary disease is Hemophilia A

X-linked