OCR B GCSE History: Migration to Britain (modern, 1900-present)

based on my notes and textbook i hope its helpful <33

How many migrants arrived on Windrush?

492 Caribbean migrants

What percentage of global asylum seekers did Britain accept in 2000?

About 2%

When did Britain join the EEC?

1973

What was a key feature of migration in Britain since 1900?

Large-scale migration shaped by war, empire and globalisation

What law restricted immigration before WW1?

1905 Aliens Act

What did the 1905 Aliens Act do?

Limited entry to migrants with jobs or money

When were the restrictions of the 1905 Aliens Act relaxed?

During WW1 for Belgian refugees

How many Belgian refugees came to Britain in WW1?

Over 250,000

What was the experience of Belgian refugees?

Initially welcomed, later resented

What happened to Belgians after WW1?

Given free tickets to leave and jobs ended

What caused tension after WW1 with migrant workers?

Return of soldiers needing jobs

What happened in port cities after WW1?

Riots between locals and migrant sailors

How were lascars treated after WW1?

Blamed and told to return home

What was Germanophobia?

Fear and hatred of Germans during WW1

What caused Germanophobia?

Fear of spies, propaganda, war tensions

What happened to Germans in Britain during WW1?

Harassment, job loss, business attacks

What restrictions were placed on Germans?

Registration, movement limits

What was the impact of Germanophobia?

Increased nationalism and reduced civil liberties

What was internment in WW1?

Detention of 'enemy aliens'

Where was Knockaloe Camp?

Isle of Man

How many were held at Knockaloe?

Over 20,000 internees

What was the experience of internees at Knockaloe?

Detention, family separation

What was the impact of internment at Knockaloe?

German population fell and communities disrupted

Why did Serbian refugees come to Britain?

WW1 displacement

What was the experience of Serbian refugees?

Supported with housing, food and education

What was the impact of Serbian refugees on Britain?

Positive response and development of refugee systems

Who was Ibrahim Ismaa'il?

A non-European seaman migrant

What was Ibrahim Ismaa'il's experience?

Racism, limited opportunities, monitoring

What did Ibrahim Ismaa'il's story show?

Early racial inequality in Britain

Why did Jewish refugees flee Nazi Germany?

Persecution and violence (e.g. Kristallnacht)

What was Kristallnacht?

1938 attacks on Jewish people and property

How easy was it for Jews to enter Britain?

Difficult due to strict rules and prejudice

What was the Kindertransport?

Rescue of Jewish children (1938-39)

How many Jewish children were saved by the Kindertransport?

About 10,000

What were the conditions of entry for Jewish children in the Kindertransport?

Under 17 with sponsor guaranteeing support

Who was Nicholas Winton?

Saved nearly 700 Jewish children

What was the experience of Jewish refugees?

Mixed: support but also suspicion

What happened to some Jewish refugees in WW2?

Labelled 'enemy aliens' and interned

What was the impact of Jewish refugees on Britain?

Contributed to science, culture and economy

Why did Polish refugees come to Britain?

Germany invaded Poland in 1939

What was the Polish Resettlement Act (1947)?

Allowed Poles to stay or return home

What was the impact of Polish migrants?

Helped in war (e.g. Battle of Britain, Enigma), worked in industry

What was the British Nationality Act (1948)?

Gave Commonwealth citizens right to live/work in Britain

What was the impact of Commonwealth migration?

Filled labour shortages in NHS, transport, factories

What ship symbolised Commonwealth migration?

Empire Windrush (1948)

What signs showed discrimination against Commonwealth migrants?

'No Irish, no Blacks, no dogs'

What violence occurred against Commonwealth migrants?

Notting Hill riots (1958)

What was the Race Relations Act (1965)?

Made racial discrimination in public places illegal

What did the 1968 Race Relations Act do?

Extended protection to housing and employment

What was the Commission for Racial Equality (1976)?

Promoted equality and challenged discrimination

What were common experiences of Commonwealth migrants?

Bullying, racism, overcrowded housing, low-paid work

What was the impact of Commonwealth migrants on Britain?

Filled labour shortages (e.g. NHS), boosted economy, increased cultural diversity (food, music, Notting Hill Carnival)

What was the Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1962)?

Restricted entry with employment vouchers

What did the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act do?

Limited entry to those with UK-born relatives

What did the Immigration Act (1971) introduce?

Work permits and stricter controls

What did the UK agree in the 1951 UN Refugee Convention?

To offer asylum to those fleeing persecution

What is an asylum seeker?

Someone seeking protection from danger in their home country

What were common public perceptions of asylum seekers?

Exaggerated beliefs they received high benefits

What restrictions were placed on asylum seekers (1990s-2000s)?

No work, limited support, no choice of location, limited appeals

What problems existed in the asylum system?

Long delays, detention centres, deportations

What did EU membership allow?

Free movement of people

What concerns developed about EU migration?

Pressure on jobs, wages and services

What was UKIP?

Political party opposing EU and immigration (founded 1991)

What increased anti-EU feeling?

2008 financial crisis and rising unemployment

What was Brexit (2016)?

Vote to leave the EU

What was the impact of Brexit on migration?

End of free movement, stricter controls

What is a key overall trend in migration since 1900?

Growing diversity but continued tension and control

What is the overall judgement of migration since 1900?

Essential for Britain's economy and culture but often met with hostility and restriction

What was the experience of Polish migrants?

Mixed: welcomed for war service but faced hostility, pressure to return home, and difficulty settling