Human Geo - Unit 2

Clustered populations

populations that are grouped or clumped together around a central point

linear pattern

a population that appears to form long and narrow lines

dispersed population

a population that is spread out

random patterns

describes populations that are distributed without apparent order or logic

population distribution

where people live within a geographic area

climate

long-term patterns of weather in an area that greatly affect population distribution in direct and indirect ways

growing season

a period of year when temperature and rainfall allow plant growth

temperate climates

those with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts

landforms

the natural features of Earth's surface

human migration

when people make a permanent move from one place to another

population density

the number of people occupying a unit of land

arithmetic density

measures the total number of people per unit area of land

physiological density

the total number of people per unit of arable land

arable land

land that can be used to grow crops

agricultural density

measures the total number of farmers per unit of arable land

subsistence agriculture

providing crops and livestock for only the famers' families and close community.
Common in peripheral and semi peripheral countries

carrying capacity

maximum population size an enviornment can sustain

enviornmental degradation

the deterioration of the enviornment

dependency ratio

the number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group(ages 15 to 64), multiplied by 100

sex ratio

the proportion of males to females in a population

sex-selector

the practice of using medical techniques to choose the sex of offspring

Demographics

data about the structures and characteristics of human populations

Fertility

capable of producing offspring

crude birth rate (CBR)

the number of birthds in a given year per 1000 people in a given population

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years

replacement level

the number of children per woman necessary to keep a country's population constant. The level should be at 2.1 for a population to remain stable

mortality

deaths as a component of population change

crude death rate (CDR)

the number of deaths of a given population per year per 1000 people

infant mortality rate (IMR)

the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live birthds

Life expectancy

the average number of years a person is expected to live. the number is higher in core countries

population pyramids

show the age-sex distribution of a given population

rate of natural increase (RNI)

the difference between the crude birth rate (CBR) and the crude death rate (CDR) of a defined group of people

doubling time (DT)

the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double.
70/RNI = DT

urbanization

the growth and development of cities

overpopulation

a population that exceeds its sustainable size, or carrying capacity

sustainable development

requires using natural resources in such a way that they will not be exhausted

Neo-Malthusian

argue that today's declining trends in fertility and crude birth rates will be reversed in some countries. They advocate for population control programs

demographic transition model (DTM)

represents the shifts in growth that the world's populations have undergone - and are still experiencing - over time

epidemiological transition model (ETM)

describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death

DTM Stage 1

Birth rates and death rates are high; total population size is low. No countries are in this stage

DTM Stage 2

Birth rates are high; death rate falls; population grows. Nigeria, Guatemala, Afghanistan, Yemen

DTM Stage 3

Birth rates gradually decrease; death rates are lowl population growth slows. Mexico, India, South Africa

DTM Stage 4

Low birthrate; low death rate; consant population / zero population growth. Canada, South Korea, the United States

DTM Stage 5

Low birth rate; low death rate; elderly population decreasing population. Japan, Germany

ETM Stage 1

Famine:
Infectious and parasitic diseases mostly cause human death; animal attackes also cause deaths
Death rate is high and life expectancy is low

ETM Stage 2

Receding Pandemic Disease:
Improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine lower spread of infection
death rate decreases and life expectancy increases

ETM Stage 3

Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases:
Fewer deaths from indectious disease and increase in diseases related to aginf (heart attack/cancer)
Death rate is low and life expectancy increases

ETM Stage 4

Delayed Degenerative Diseases:
Medical advances reduce or delay incidences of diseases related to aging
life expectancy is at its highest

ETM Stage 5

Reemergence of Infectious Disease:
Infectious and parasitic diseases become resistant to antibiotics and increase
Life expectancy decreases

antinatalist

designed to curb population growth by discouraging citzens from having children

pronatalist

encourage births and aim to accelerate population growth

land degradation

long-term damage to the soil's abiity to support life

Physical and Environmental Factors

The majority of people live in areas with low elevations, temperate climates, and accessible water.

Water accessibility

Ready access to fresh, ample water is essential for human survival and development and a key factor in population distribution.
People use surface water such as rivers, lakes, and oases and underground water sources called aquifers.

Human Factors

(where people live)
Economic, political, cultural, and historical factors affect the distribution of the human population

Economic Factors

(where people live)
People tend to live where they can earn a living.
Technological advances and an increase in global economic activities has resulted in a significant redistribution of population.

Political Factors

(where people live)
War, political instability, and government policies may cause people to migrate.

Cultural Factors

(where people live)
People may be attracted to a place by housing availability, safety, access to transportation, or a feeling of belonging.
Religion, roles and status of women, and attitudes regarding marriage and children may influence changes in population distribution.

Historical Factors

(where people live)
The population distribution of the past can influence the population distribution of the present and future.
Many densely populated areas have an exceptionally long history of human habitation.

Population Composition

A population’s replacement level is the number of children per woman necessary to keep the country’s population constant.
The replacement level is 2.1 children per woman.
Better education and increased job opportunities tend to lead to lower fertility rates.

high CDR

can result from unclean water, inadequate health care, or poor-quality housing.
can also result from a high number of natural deaths among elderly when that segment is a large percentage of the population.
can be caused by natural disasters or increase for longer periods due to disease or war.

Trends in Population

the world’s population numbered 7.8 billion, a nearly five-fold increase over the 1900 estimate of 1.6 billion.

Population growth and declin factors

Changes in population are driven by the balance among mortality, fertility, and migration.
Economic factors impact both fertility and mortality.
Political factors play a role in population trends.
Environmental factors can radically affect population.
Cultural factors affect fertility rates.
Changing social, economic, and political roles for women have influenced patterns of fertility.

Malthus’s Theory

world population was growing exponentially while food production was growing arithmetically.

Malthus’s Theory Critism

access to contraception methods or other factors that have slowed population growth.
Technological advances have increased the food supply.

DTM Limitations

The DTM is based solely on the experience of Western Europe and may not be applicable to other parts of the world.
Some critics feel that the DTM implies causes and effects that do not exist.

ETM Limitations

focuses only on health-related factors, and almost exclusively on disease
oversimplifies the causes and patterns of disease and mortality
overlooks the role that poverty plays in determining disease risk and mortality
does not address changes that are occurring in how people live

Gender Inequality Index

a composite metric of gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market.
measures the potential human development lost due to gender inequality.

Reproductive Health

(GII) maternal mortality, adolescent fertility

Empowerment

(GII) parliamentary representation, educational attainment (secondary +)

Labor market

(GII) labor force participation

Social challenges of an aging population

Traditional family dynamics may be challenged.
Fewer young people are available or choose to care for aging parents at home.

Social benefits of a larger elderly population

Retired grandparents care for grandchildren.
Elderly people strengthen community and family networks.

Economic challenges of an aging population

Retirees pay less in income taxes.
Long-term health care can be costly.

Economic benefits of an aging population

Older adults spend money on food, clothing, housing, and entertainment.
Retirees contribute volunteer hours, which can reduce the government’s burden.
The elderly are less likely to commit crimes and do not attend public school, both of which represent major expenditures for local governments.

Political effects of an aging population

Changes in the voting demographic may influence who is elected and what policies are enacted.

mobility

all types of movement from one location to another

circulation

repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis

human migration

the permanent movement of people from one place to another

emigration

the movement away from a location

immigration

movement to a location

net migration

the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location such as a city of a country

gravity model

derived from Newton's law of universal gravitation to predict the interaction between two or more places

push factor

a negative cause that compels someone to leace a location

pull factor

a positive cause that attracts someone to a new location

voluntary migration

people make the choice to move to a new place

forced migration

peopple are compelled to move by economic, poltical, enviornmental, or cultural factors

transnational migration

immigrants to a new country reatin strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties to their country of origin and may regularly return for visits

internal migration

movement within a country's borders

friction of distance

the lonfer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve

transhumance

a form of migration practiced by nomads who move herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer and lower elevations during the winter

chain migration

people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there

step migration

a series