Untitled Flashcards Set

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1.

Reducing sugars

Sugars that can donate electrons or reduce another compound, including all monosaccharides and some disaccharides.

Non-reducing sugars

Sugars that cannot act as reducing agents, as they do not have a free aldehyde or ketone group, such as sucrose.

Epimers

Diastereomers that differ in configuration at only one stereogenic center.

Mutarotation

The change in optical rotation that occurs when an α- or β-anomer of a sugar interconverts to the other form in solution.

Anomers

A type of stereoisomer that differs in configuration at the anomeric carbon.

Cyclic structure of glucose

Glucose exists primarily in a cyclic form, with a six-membered ring structure known as pyranose.

Haworth projection

A two-dimensional representation of the cyclic form of a sugar, showing the relative positions of atoms.

Inter conversions of sugars

The transformation between different sugar forms, such as converting aldoses to ketoses.

Kiliani-Fischer method

A synthetic method to elongate aldoses by adding a carbon chain at the reducing end.

Ruff's method

A method used to convert aldoses to ketoses and vice versa through oxidation and reduction.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide units linked together by a glycosidic bond.

Sucrose

A common non-reducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.

Maltose

A reducing disaccharide made up of two glucose units.

Lactose

A disaccharide sugar composed of one glucose and one galactose unit.