cha[ter 9

which 2 processes facilitate the cycle of life

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

electrons from nadh go to which complex to handle and where do electrons of fadh2 go

nadh complex 1

fadh2 complex 2

aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration make up what ( added up )

cellular respiration

what is fermentation

degradation of sugars without oxygen

what is aerobic respiration

consumption of organic molecules via oxygen to give atp

write down the reaction of glucose plus oxygen

do catabolic pathways directly power cell to do work

no , they provide necessary material for cell to make ATP, ATP provides the main power

what are the redox reactions

reactions in which electrons are transferred in reactants

what is oxidation , what is reduction

oxidation is the process of loss of electron, while reduction is the process of electron gain

who is the reducing agent

electron donor

who is the oxidizing agent

electron acceptor

what are some properites of oxygen

it is very electroneaggtivem - takes electrons , does not share electrons

is eneergy gained or taken when electrons move closer to oxygen

released

what type of process is cellular repiration

also photosynthesis vs cellular who is ender who is ever

redox process

photo - ender

resp - exer

in cellular repiration who is providing the high eneergy electrson

hydrogen does

the oxidation of glucose sends electrons from __ energy levesl to _ energy levels

high , low

hydrogen atoms are first passed to _ rather than —

electron carriers , oxygen

name of NAD plus as well as what is it (nicotine)

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide its a coenzyme that functions as electron carrier

how are enzymes that remove pair of hydrogen atoms from the substrate called

dehydrogenases

how many protons and electrons is passed to NAD plus

2p and 1 e

where is the electron trasnport chain located in eukaroyes vs prokrtyotes

inner membrane of mitochdnria

plasma membrane

harvesting energy from glucose has 3 stages list them

glycolysis - first stage in which glucose is converted to pyruvate

pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle- during eahc step co2 is released, and in this step glucose is full broken

oxidative phosphorylation

90 percent of atp is genedated by which step of repsiration

oxidative photpshorylation

what is substrate level phosphorylation

when enzyme takes the phosphate group from substrate and attaches to ADP

for each molecule of glucose how many atp molecules are produced

30 to 32

which step in respiation occurs with no need for O2

glycolysis

for whom is pyruvate useful in a sense, to aerobic organism or anaerobic ? explain

It’s more useful for aerobic organisms because pyruvate is then moved to the mitochondria to produce more ATP; whereas in anaerobic organisms, it’s used to recycle NADH and regenerate NAD+.

When we say some prokaryotes make 30 ATP per glucose, which factor is it a result of — being a prokaryote/eukaryote, or aerobic or anaerobic?"

the prokaryote has to be aerobic, and as long as it is it can make 30. just because its prokaryote does not mean it makes 2 atp

what does pyruvate has to become to enter krebs cycle and which enzyme does it

it has to become acetyl coa , and the pyruvate dehydrogenase does it

which 3 reactions does pyruvate dehydrogenase do to make pyruvate acetyl coa

1. oxidation of Co2

2. reduction of Nad plus to NADH

3. coA comes and attaches

via what does pyruvate enter into the mitochondrion

via a transport protein

how many times does krebs cycle run per glucose molecule and why is that

"It runs twice, because after glycolysis 2 pyruvates are made. So 2 pyruvates are made per glucose, and those 2 are finished only then — future glucoses come after."

how many co2 are released per turn during krebs

2 per turn

what products are generated during krebs PER TURN, and the n how many per glucose

1 per turn - atp nadh fadh2

2 per glucose

what are those folded parts of inner memrbane called and what is purpose of them in mitochdnria

cristae - increase surace area

what are those thing called in protein complexes that have iron atoms

cytochromes

is atp produced when electrons trasnfer from one protein complex to anothjer?

no

H plus protons go from where to where so that in future they power atp synthesis

mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space

what is that turbine if u will called that spins to make atp at the last steps in oxidative phosophorylation

atp synthase

what is the process called when h plus movement powers atp synthesis via the synthase

chemioosomsis

how is the H plus gradient called

proton-motive force

when electrons come and attach to oxygen at which protein complex is it done

complex 4

is atp synthase’s atp recovery and oxygen oxidation happening in the same are ?

no oxygen takes electrons at complex 4 while atp synthase Is in difff location

which percent of glucose is actually converted to atp percent wise and atp amount wise

34 percent and about 30 to 32 atp

what is the final electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration

anything but oxygen

what is the amount of atp produced via glycolysis in aerobic vs anaerobic respiration

both do 2 with or without o2 both do 2

does fermentation use same mechanisms of regernation of NAD plus as the aerobic one does

no

types of fermentation

alchohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

in alchohol fermentaiton pyruvate is converted to __

ethanol

in lactic acid fermentation pyruvate becomes ??

lactate

what are similarities of fermentation and cellular respiration

both do glycolysis

both have nad plus as oxidizing agent

what is the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration

in cellular - pyruvate is not used as final electron acceptor, and respiration proceeds to yield more atp in future steps.

what are organisms called that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and the ones basically that do only anaerobic respiration

obligate anaerobes

anaerobes that can do aerobic as well are called

facultative anaerobes

is respiration restricted to only glucose

no

when protein is consumed what does body do with it

it breaks it down into amino acids and then amino groups should be removed from them

process that removes amino groups is called

deamination

fats are digested into which compound that is essential for glycolysis

glycerol