Unit 3 Review: Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)

Comprensive flashcards covering the expansion, administration, and belief systems of major land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.

What primary factor allowed the Gunpowder Empires (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Russian) to expand between 1450 and 1750?

The fall of the Mongol Khanates combined with the spread of gunpowder from China.

Which Russian leader took control of the last Khanates in 1547 and relied on the use of gunpowder to expand East?

Ivan IV (Tsar Ivan the Terrible)

How did the Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi ($1661-1722$) expand China's influence?

He expanded China into Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia, and imposed a protectorate over Tibet and North India.

What was the 'ghazi ideal' established during the era of Tamerlane?

A model for warriors that encouraged Islamic fighters for centuries and influenced the rise of the Gunpowder Empires.

Who was the Ottoman leader that used siege weapons to conquer Constantinople and establish it as the empire's nexus of trade?

Mehmed II (The Conquerer)

What specific religion did the Safavid Empire use as a unifying force, leading to modern-day tension with the Ottoman Empire?

Shi'a Islam

Under which leader did the Mughal Empire flourish as one of the richest and best-governed states through overseas trade and religious tolerance?

Akbar the Great

What role did the 'Justice of the Peace' play in England under the rule of King James I?

They were bureaucratic elites who had the power to collect taxes and enforce laws, thereby weakening feudal lords.

How did Louis XIV of France use the Palace of Versailles to consolidate power?

He forced his nobles to live there to keep them close, ensure their loyalty, and display his wealth and absolute power.

What was the 'Oprichnina' created by Ivan IV in Russia?

A secret police force loyal to Ivan that was used to monitor and control the land-owning Boyars.

What was the Ottoman 'Devshirme' system?

A system where Christian boys were taken as human tribute, educated in politics and art, and trained to serve in the military or government.

Who were the 'Janissaries' in the Ottoman Empire?

Elite military units composed of devshirme who were fiercely loyal to the sultan.

What was the function of the 'Zamindars' in the Mughal Empire?

Bureaucratic elites in charge of specific duties such as taxation; they were paid by keeping a portion of the taxes collected.

How did the Tokugawa Shogunate maintain control over the daimyo in Japan?

They divided Japan into hans (territories) and forced daimyos to maintain residences in the capital, keeping their families there as hostages.

What was the primary theological belief of Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation?

'Sola Fide', or the belief that salvation is achieved through faith alone rather than church rituals or indulgences.

What did the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV of France, allow?

It allowed the Protestant Huguenots to practice their faith, bringing temporary peace to France.

What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia ($1648$)?

It ended the Thirty Years’ War and allowed each region of the Holy Roman Empire to choose to be Roman Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist.

What concept from the Scientific Revolution emphasized thinking based on reason and investigation rather than faith?

Empiricism