Voluntary Movement

planned, purposeful

voluntary movements are ____ in the cortex and organized around _______ tasks

internally, sensory

voluntary movements can be generated ____ or based on ______ information

primary motor cortex (M1), premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary/cingulate motor area (SMA)

3 areas of motor cortex

simple, single

primary motor cortex controls ____ movements of a _____ joint

alternate, similar

M1 is the basis for adapting _____ patterns to achieve a ____ desired outcome

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

inputs to M1: _________ provides info about working memory/spatial relationships, planning, and decision making for movement

cingulate motor area

inputs to M1: ________ provides info about motivation, effort, and emotional drive for movement

reciprocal

inputs to M1 are ______ and are not as simplae as one sensory input leading to one motor output

fine, fractionated, voluntary, hands, face

M1 focuses on ______, _______, _______ movements, especially of the ____ and _____

plastic

somatotropic organization is highly ______, which helps with motor learning and rehab

premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex

2 premotor areas

planning, predatory

premotor areas are critical for _____ movement ( _______ activity)

M1, corticospinal

premotor areas project largely to ____ but also to direct _______ outputs

premotor, M1

damage to any of the ______ areas causes a variety of motor deficits compared to ___ damage alone

proximal

PMCd (dorsal) projects to ______ muscles

cue, action

PMCd muscles are fired during the delay between ___ and ____

external

PMCd movements are driven by _____ stimuli or cues

hand and digit

PMCv (ventral) projects to the _____ muscles

grasp, pinch

PMCv mucles shapes hand _____ and _____

watching, doing

PMCv is a key part of the mirror neuron system, it is active no matter if the subject is _____ the task OR _____ the task

bilateral

activation of SMC/SMA causes ______ movements

internally, sequential

SMC/SMA important for ______ generated and _____ movements

mental rehearsal

internally generated movements prepared from memory

bilateral, sequencing, intitating

SMC/SMA damage would present as issues with ______ coordination, _______ issues and trouble ____ tasks

voluntary, goal

lateral pathways are ______, ___ directed limb movements

involuntary, postural

medial pathways are ______ and part of the ______ control system

UMNs

all output pathways are _____

corticospinal

output pathway: influences LMNs, principal mediator of voluntary movement

fractionated limb movement

lateral corticospinal tract controls…

neck and trunk

ventral corticospinal tract controls…

contralateral, low, high

damage to corticospinal tract: ______ weakness, inital ____ tone but over time evolves to ____ tone

fractionated finger, speed/force

damage to corticospinal tract: weakness can be recovered, but may lead to permanent difficulty with ____________ movements or deficits in ______/______ of movements

corticobulbar

output pathway: voluntary control of cranial nerve motor nuclei

does not

corticobulbar damage does or does not influence sensory systems?

face, head, neck

corticobulbar: path from cortex to brainstem that influences cranial nerves that innervate muscles of ____, _____, and _____

corticorubrospinal

output pathway: upper limb flexor facilitation

vestibulospinal

output pathway: posture, balance, and extensor tone

tectospinal

output pathway: reflexive (involuntary) head/neck orientation to visual/auditory stimuli

reticulospinal

output pathway: muscle tone, posture, automatic movements interacting with autonomic state

synergy

inability to move an isolated joint without movement in an entire limb

fasciculations

spontaneous contractions of groups of muscle fibers, visible through the skin as small twitches

fibrillations

spontaneous contractions of individual muscle fibers, not grossly visible but apparent in electrical recordings

clonus

a rapid series of alternating muscle contractions in response to a sudden stretch

LMN, UMN

fasciculations and fibrilations are associated with ____ damage while clonus is associated with ____ damage