BIOMI 1100 All Homeworks & PollEvs

Athlete's foot is caused by:

A) a type of protozoa

B) a fungal infection known as ringworm

C) a virus infection

D) a bacterial infection

B) a fungal infection known as ringworm

3 multiple choice options

How does the fungus that synthesizes penicillin act to block growth of bacteria?

A) blocks protein synthesis

B) blocks cell wall synthesis

C) blocks DNA synthesis

D) blocks RNA synthesis

B) blocks cell wall synthesis

3 multiple choice options

What is a mycotoxin? More than one answer may be correct.

A) A toxin produced by bacteria

B) a type of fungi used as a food ingredient

C) a toxin produced by a type of fungi that grows on crops

D) a fungal toxin that when consumed can cause neurological disorders and other health problems

C) a toxin produced by a type of fungi that grows on crops

D) a fungal toxin that when consumed can cause neurological disorders and other health problems

How do fungi make fruit soften?

A) attack fruit like the Myxococcus wolf pack!

B) secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

C) no answer is correct

D) wait for someone else to soften the fruit for them

B) secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

Which of the following is true about mycelium?

A) passes nutrients and other compounds to tree roots

B) found in the soil

C) All answers are correct

D) help keep the forest healthy

C) All answers are correct

What part of most fungi is responsible for spreading INFECTIONS?

A) Fruiting body (mushroom)

B) Hyphaes

C) Mycotoxins

D) Spores

D) Spores

What is the target of most common over the counter (OTC) antifungal compounds?

A) Cell membrane

B) Chloroplast

C) DNA

D) Ribosome

A) Cell membrane

Breaking down macromolecules for energy and nutrition is a form of...

A)Catabolism

B)Anabolism

C)Photosynthesis

D)Lithotrophy

A) Catabolism

Where are the organisms that cause athlete's foot found on the tree of life?

lower green branch

Which of they following is NOT true about fungi?

A) They can be filamentous and multicellular

B) They can produce spores

C) They get their food by absorptive nutrition

D) They do NOT have chlorophyll

E) They all produce mushrooms

E) They all produce mushrooms

After taking antibiotics, your microbiome is more likely to recover to a normal state if...

A) Primary RABs colonize the gut first

B) The bacteria that colonize the gut have CAZymes

C) The bacteria that colonize have a high growth rate

D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Differences in two experimental groups are considered significant when....

A) The data points in the graph are very far apart

B) Statistical tests between the two groups indicate they are different

C) The bars in the graph are shown in different colors

D) The authors state that there was a trend in the data

B) Statistical tests between the two groups indicate they are different

How many micrometers (µm) make up 1 millimeter (mm)?

A) 1

B) 10

C) 100

D) 1000

E) None of the above

D) 1000

Bacteria are typically how many times smaller than humans?

A) Hundred

B) Thousand

C) Hundred thousand

D) Million

E) None of the above

D) Million

What is the central dogma of life when it comes to molecular biology?

A) DNA > RNA > Protein

B) RNA > DNA > Protein

C) Protein > RNA > DNA

D) DNA > Protein > RNA

A) DNA > RNA > Protein

Even though DNA tells us more about microbes, why might your doctor do a Gram stain on bacteria cultured from your body?

A) Look for ribosomes that make protein

B) Look for DNA polymerase

C) Looks for RNA polymerase

D) See what kind of cell envelope it has

D) See what kind of cell envelope it has

Why are gram negative bacteria resistant to many antibiotics?

A) Thick peptidoglycan is insensitive

B) Outer membrane is impermeable to many

C) Their nucleus protects their DNA

D) Their organelles degrade the antibiotic

B) Outer membrane is impermeable to many

What is the difference between bacteria and fungi?

A) Only bacteria have ribosomes

B) Fungi have peptidoglycan

C) Bacteria have a nucleus

D) Only fungi have organelles

D) Only fungi have organelles

If P. acnes and Malassezia do the same thing, could you use your zit cream to treat your dandruff?

A) Yes of course

B) No antibiotics don't work on a fungus

C) Nobody has dandruff and zits at the same time

D) Depends on your skin type

B) No antibiotics don't work on a fungus

Which of the following is more closely related to fungi?

A) Archaea

B) Bacteria

C) Humans

D) Impossible to tell

C) Humans

Which of the following best explains the origin of eukaryotic cells?

A) An achaea engulfed a bacterium

B) A bacterium engulfed an archaea

C) A bacterium domesticated a virus and kept its genes

D) An archaea domesticate a virus and kept its genes

A) An achaea engulfed a bacterium

Which of the following is NOT a biological symbiosis?

A) Two humans living together in a house

B) Bacteria living in cow guts

C) Fungi living on plant roots

D) Coronaviruses and humans

E) Algae living inside corals

A) Two humans living together in a house

What makes eukaryotes different from bacteria and archaea?

A) Eukaryotes are always larger than bacteria and archaea

B) Eukaryotes can be symbionts, while bacteria and archaea cannot

C) Eukaryotes have organelles

D) Eukaryotes are always multicellular

E) Bacteria and archaea have organelles

C) Eukaryotes have organelles

Which of the following are true?

A) Bacteria in head lice are always pathogens of humans

B) Bacteria in head lice are always pathogens of head lice

C) Bacteria in head lice may not grow in head lice, but are always pathogens of humans

D) Bacteria in head lice may be symbionts of head lice and may be pathogens of humans

D) Bacteria in head lice may be symbionts of head lice and may be pathogens of humans

What types of microorganisms inhabit the human oral cavity?

A) Bacteria

B) Archaea

C) Eukaryotic microorganisms

D) Viruses

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

Gingipain is an enzyme that is secreted outside P. endodontalis and breaks down host cell proteins into smaller components. Would this be a...

A) Anabolic reaction

B) Catabolic reaction

C) Neither

D) Both

E) None of the above

B) Catabolic reaction

Using Koch's postulates, would COVID-19 be considered a pathogen?

A) Of course!

B) No, not really

C) Maybe

C) Maybe

Which of the following is the first line of human immune defense against pathogens

A) White blood cells

B) Skin / Epithelial tissues

C) Inflammatory compounds

D) Red blood cells

E) Hair

B) Skin / Epithelial tissues

Which of the following is not a mechanism by which pathogens evade the immune system?

A) They change their surface molecules to look like their host

B) They replicate in immune-related cells

C) They eat immune cells

D) They interfere with host cell signaling immune responses

E) They constantly change their surface molecules

C) They eat immune cells

Most cases of conjunctivitis should be treated with antibiotics?

True

False

False

Which of the following produces antibodies against known pathogens?

1. Natural killer cells

2. B cells

3. Complement

4. Macrophages

2. B cells

What term best describes mold and mildew removers like the one pictured (Clorox mold/mildew)

A) Antibiotic

B) Antifungal

C) Antiviral

D) Disinfectant

D) Disinfectant

Which of the following "opportunities" allows normal harmless bacteria to become pathogenic?

A) Weakened immune system

B) It ends up in the wrong place (wounds, catheters)

C) When our normal microbiome gets disrupted after antibiotics

D) All of these

D) All of these

Why form a biofilm

A) Stay in place

B) Stay safe

C) Make friends

D) Do things they cant do on their own

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

What can biofilm matrices (aka EPS) be built from?

A) Proteins

B) Polysaccharides

C) DNA

D) All of these

D) All of these

Why might bacteria want to regulate density-dependent activities?

A) Efficient resource use

B) Virulence regulation

C) Symbiosis management

D) Any of these

D) Any of these

When would quorum sensing signals be the highest?

biofilm formation

Which of the following bacteria is most abundant in the healthy gut microbiome of humans?

A) Bacteroides

B) Clostridium

C) Prevotella

D) Escherichia coli

C) Prevotella

What goods and services does your gut microbiome provide?

A) Nutrition

B) Immunomodulation

C) Mood regulation

D) Colonization resistance

E) All of these

E) All of these

What is the simplest way to reduce waterborne diseases of the GI tract?

A) Pour antibiotics into the neighborhood water supply

B) Make sure everyone's water supply is clean and free of pathogens

C) Vaccinate everybody

D) Boil your own water

Make sure everyone's water supply is clean and free of pathogens

Why do we test for fecal coliforms in drinking water?

A) All waterborne diseases are caused by E. coli

B) E. coli is a good indicator of overall water quality

C) It tells us how much COVID is present

D) We need some to keep our microbiome healthy

E) None of the above

B) E. coli is a good indicator of overall water quality

What is the main way(s) drinking water is treated to make it safe to drink?

A) Filtration

B) Chlorination

C) Boil

D) A and B

E) B and C

D) A and B

E. coli strains that can make people sick encode special genes in their...

A) Core genome

B) Accessory genome

C) Pan genome

D) None of these

B) Accessory genome

How many MORE microbial genes are found in the average human gut than in the human genome?

2. 2x (40,000 vs. 20,000)

3. 10x (200,000 vs. 20,000)

4. 150x (3,000,000 vs. 20,000)

5. Impossible to tell

4. 150x (3,000,000 vs. 20,000)

What is the relationship between sugar, lactic acid bacteria and your teeth?

A) They convert sugar into lactic acid, which lowers the pH and dissolves your teeth

B) They don't like sugar! They only like to eat things that are acidic

C) They are probiotics which are good for you, so they help your mouth avoid cavities!

D) They are found deep within a biofilm on your teeth and block sugar from chewing away your enamel

A) They convert sugar into lactic acid, which lowers the pH and dissolves your teeth

Why is Step mutants a bigger problem in the gut than in the mouth?

A) It only produces a biofilm in the gut

B) It produces kills off good bacteria (your response)

C) There is a lot of histidine in the gut that is convert to a proinflammatory product

D) It causes histidine deficiency

C) There is a lot of histidine in the gut that is convert to a proinflammatory product

Which organ has most abundant and diverse microbiome

colon

Which of the following are true about volatile fatty acids?

A) Fermentation byproducts from microbes eating dietary fiber

B) Produced in the absence of oxygen

C) Small enough to enter the bloodstream as another food and energy source

D) Help regulate our appetite and immune system

E) All of these

E) All of these

can your gut microbiome affect your mood??

yes

What kind of size ranges best reflect those commonly found in microbiology?

A) 0.01 nm to 1 nm

B) 1 nm to 1 um

C) 100 um to 1 m

D) 10 nm to 100 um

D) 10 nm to 100 um

What is a nucleotide composed of?

A) All answers are correct

B) nitrogenous base

C) phosphate group

D) pentose sugar

A) All answers are correct

What is the Central Dogma?

A) RNA is translated into DNA, which is then transcribed into protein

B) protein is transcribed into DNA, which is then translated into RNA

C) DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into protein

D) DNA is transcribed into protein, which is then translated into RNA

C) DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into protein

Which of the following is generally the largest?

A) eukaryotic cells

B) viruses

C) archaea

D) bacteria

A) eukaryotic cells

Proteins are made up of....

A) polysaccharides

B) nucleic acids

C) fatty acids

D) amino acids

D) amino acids

How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

A) in general, eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells

B) eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane

C) All answers are correct

D) eukaryotic cells have organelles such as mitochondria

C) All answers are correct

What type of organism causes Zits?

A) bacteria

B) eukaryote

C) archaea

D) virus

A) bacteria

Which of the following best describes a Gram positive bacteria?

A) cell membrane and thick peptidoglycan layer

B) outer membrane and thick peptidoglycan layer

C) cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane

D) lipopolysaccharides

A) cell membrane and thick peptidoglycan layer

What would happen if you performed a Gram stain and forgot to add the saffranin?

A) all bacterial cells would be purple

B) all bacterial cells would be unstained

C) a mixture of purple and pink cells

D) Only yeast would be colored

B) all bacterial cells would be unstained

What type of organism is Malassezia?

A) eukaryote

B) bacteria

C) archaea

D) virus

A) eukaryote

What do Propionibacterium acnes and Malassezia have in common?

A) both consume sebum

B) both contain cell walls with peptidoglycan

C) both fix their own carbon from light

D) All answers are correct

A) both consume sebum

Which of the following examples represent a symbiotic relationship?

A) All answers are correct

B) sharks and pilot fish

C) lichen (algae and fungi)

D) clown fish and sea anenome

A) All answers are correct

A bee collecting nectar from flower to flower is an example of

A) mutualism

B) parasitism

C) none of the above

D) commensalism

A) mutualism

What is the difference between facultative parasitism and obligate parasitism?

A) Obligate refers to when one organism cannot survive without the other. Facultative means one easily can survive without the other

B) No answer is correct

C) both refer to when both organisms can easily live without the other

D) Facultative refers to when one organism cannot live without the other, and obligate refers to when both can survive without the other

A) Obligate refers to when one organism cannot survive without the other. Facultative means one easily can survive without the other

How could you avoid infection by a brain eating amoeba or guinea worm (assuming you happen to be in a region where they are found)?

A) take care that your food is washed with clean water only

B) drink clean, filtered (potable) water

C) All answers are correct

D) do not go swimming in rivers, lakes, streams

C) All answers are correct

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

A) mitochondrial and chloroplasts are found only in the archaea

B) mitochondria consume eukaryotic cells for energy

C) No answer is correct

D) organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancient bacteria which were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

D) organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancient bacteria which were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

What is an enzyme?

A) it is part of DNA

B) a protein that can catalyze reactions

C) a type of carbohydrate

D) it belongs to the fatty acid family

B) a protein that can catalyze reactions

What is a microbiome?

A) pathogenic organisms only

B) eukaryotic cells found in a habitat

C) community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat

D) the collection of viruses in a habitat

C) community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

A) Anabolism refers to using energy, catabolism refers to capturing energy

B) anabolism is used for fermentation and respiration, catabolism is not

C) no answer is correct

D) anabolism refers to capturing energy, catabolism refers to using energy

A) Anabolism refers to using energy, catabolism refers to capturing energy

What is a virulence factor?

A) essential proteins such as ribosomes

B) No answer is correct

C) substances and structures produced by pathogens to help them colonize a host

D) found only on viruses!

C) substances and structures produced by pathogens to help them colonize a host

What are Koch's postulates?

A) a way to avoid bad breath!

B) A pustule that can form under the eye

C) criteria used to determine pathogenicity of bacteria

D) Only pertains to viruses, not bacteria at all!

C) criteria used to determine pathogenicity of bacteria

What is the difference between red slime and black mold?

A) No answer is correct

B) red is derived from fungi, black from bacteria

C) red is from archaea, black from fungi

D) red mold is derived from bacteria, black from fungi

D) red mold is derived from bacteria, black from fungi

Which of the following are examples of where biofilms may form?

A) unbrushed teeth

B) All answers are correct

C) water pipes

D) medical devices, like urinary catheters

B) All answers are correct

Which of the following is false about biofilms?

A) they make an extra polymeric substance (EPS)

B) bacteria within biofilms also have a free-swimming planktonic form

C) they are made up of only one species of bacteria

D) they allow for cell to cell communication between bacteria

C) they are made up of only one species of bacteria

What is quorum sensing?

A) only refers to bacteria which glow in the dark

B) a lineup of bacteria

C) maximum density of individuals needed to control gene expression of the group

D) minimum density of individuals needed to control gene expression of the group

D) minimum density of individuals needed to control gene expression of the group

Why would you think that antibiotics may be less effective on bacteria who live in a biofilm?

A) difficult for antibiotic to access all bacteria in a biofilm

B) some bacteria may be dormant within the biofilm

C) some swap antibiotic resistance genes with their neighbours

D) All answers are correct

D) All answers are correct

Which of the following is true about Myxococcus?

A) cells communicate with each other to form wolf packs

B) a type of bacteria that infects wolves only

C) these bacterial cells prefer to hunt alone and refuse to cooperate with each other

D) No answer is correct

A) cells communicate with each other to form wolf packs

What interventions enabled us to bring down waterborne diseases to a minimum in the last 100 years (multiple correct answers)?

A) antibiotics added to our drinking water

B) All answers are correct

C) chlorination

D) filtration

C) chlorination

D) filtration

How might you describe a coliform bacteria?

A) a facultative anaerobe

B) Gram negative

C) found in the gut of warm -blooded mammals

D) All answers are correct

D) All answers are correct

Which of the following is false about E. coli?

A) is happiest growing at 37 degrees celcius

B) some strains cause food poisoning

C) has a genome that is larger than the human genome

D) is a tool in molecular biology

C) has a genome that is larger than the human genome

What on Earth is a fecal transplant?

A) what happens when we drink water contaminated with fecal matter

B) what we do with manure to convert it into fertilizer

C) I thought you were joking!

D) installation of bacteria from the fecal matter of a healthy individual to one that is ill

D) installation of bacteria from the fecal matter of a healthy individual to one that is ill

Which of the following statements about the human microbiome is false?

A) The microbiome is composed of bacteria, eukaryotes, archaea and viruses

B) The microbiome differs among different individuals

C) The microbiome differs among different parts of the body

D) Humans have many more genes in their own genome than in their microbiome

D) Humans have many more genes in their own genome than in their microbiome

What is the role of lactic acid bacteria and tooth decay?

A) Lactic acid bacteria come from milk products only

B) Formation of an acidic environment around the tooth promotes enamel dissolution

C) Lactic acid bacteria eat sugar and stop tooth decay!

D) All answers are correct

B) Formation of an acidic environment around the tooth promotes enamel dissolution

Where in the gut are the most microbes found?

A) small intestine

B) esophagus

C) colon

D) stomach

C) colon

Heliobacteria pylori

A) has been associated with humans over millenia

B) can cause gastric ulcers

C) All answers are correct

D) is found in the stomach

C) All answers are correct

What difference would you find in the gut microbiota between two adults: one born in New York City and one born within an Amazonian tribe?

A) The person in New York City has more pizza loving bacteria

B) The person from New York City has a more diverse gut microbiome

C) They both have the same amount of diversity in their gut microbiomes

D) The person from the Amazonian tribe has a more diverse gut microbiome

D) The person from the Amazonian tribe has a more diverse gut microbiome

Athlete's foot is caused by:

A) a virus infection

B) a fungal infection known as ringworm

C) a bacterial infection

D) a type of protozoa

B) a fungal infection known as ringworm

How does the fungus that synthesizes penicillin act to block growth of bacteria?

A) blocks protein synthesis

B) blocks RNA synthesis

C) blocks DNA synthesis

D) blocks cell wall synthesis

D) blocks cell wall synthesis

What is a mycotoxin? More than one answer may be correct.

A) A toxin produced by bacteria

B) a fungal toxin that when consumed can cause neurological disorders and other health problems

C) a toxin produced by a type of fungi that grows on crops

D) a type of fungi used as a food ingredient

B and C

How do fungi make fruit soften?

A) secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

B) wait for someone else to soften the fruit for them

C) attack fruit like the Myxococcus wolf pack!

D) no answer is crorect

A) secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

Which of the following is true about mycelium?

A) found in the soil

B) passes nutrients and other compounds to tree roots

C) help keep the forest healthy

D) All answers are correct

D) All answers are correct

Which of the following methods would be the best way to count how many bacteria there are in a sample?

A) No answer is correct

B) use a light microscope

C) just add bacteria to a petri dish and count what grows!

D) use fluorescent stain and count number of bacteria

D) use fluorescent stain and count number of bacteria

Which types of bacteria do we often find in a swimming pool?

A) fecal bacteria

B) skin bacteria

C) mycobacteria

D) All answers are correct

D) All answers are correct

What types of bacteria can survive the chlorine found in a swimming pool?

A) bacteria in a biofim

B) spore forming bacteria

C) bacteria which eat chlorine!

D) All answers are correct

D) All answers are correct

If most pathogenic bacteria do not last longer than 1 day on ice, then why can they still be a problem?

A) contact through skin breaks or inhalation

B) they like hockey

C) they are extremophiles

D) No answer is correct

A) contact through skin breaks or inhalation

What causes body odor?

A) deodorants

B) soap

C) pure sweat!

D) commensal microbes metabolize sweat into stinky compounds

D) commensal microbes metabolize sweat into stinky compounds

What are volatile organic compounds?

A) travel through the air

B) All answers are correct

C) include volatile fatty acids and thioalcohols

D) produced by microbes such as Corynebacterium

B) All answers are correct

How do deodorants work?

A) They block sweat glands

B) No answer is correct

C) They release volatile organic compounds

D) They kill microbes

D) They kill microbes

Choose the best answer: body odor arises from which of the following locations?

A) Groin only

B) Armpits only

C) Anywhere with eccrine sweat glands

D) Anywhere with aprocrine sweat glands

D) Anywhere with aprocrine sweat glands

How can body odor be used to diagnose infections and disease?

A) No answer is correct

B) specific volatiles are released from skin of people with disease

C) only works for diseases carried by mosquitoes

D) there is no way to diagnose differences

B) specific volatiles are released from skin of people with disease

What is a unique feature of spirochetes?

A) they have ribosomes

B) they have a nucleus

C) they have chloroplasts

D) they have endoflagella

D) they have endoflagella