Inflammation and Repair

Pus

________: Contains many leukocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) indicative of an infection.

Mediators

________ act on smooth muscles in vessels and relax them.

Trigger inflammation (C3a and C5a), phagocytosis, Destruction of cells (MAC)

Roles of complement

Transudate

________: low in protein, Specific gravity is

Vascular changes

________: the normal hypostatic blood pressure (bp) in the microcirculation (small capillaries) is 25 mmHg.

Vasodilation

________: Histamine, Nitric Oxide, Bradykinin (primarily act on arterioles)

Leukocytosis

________: greater than 10, 000 /ul in the blood (neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia)

Antibodies

________ bind complement, complement factors are cleaved, and the complement cascade is activated.

Exudate

________: High in protein, specific gravity is> 1.020, cloudy due to inflammatory cells, Typical fluid indicative of infections, pneumonia, malignancy, Tbc, PE.

Wall- off

prevent the spread of pathogens from the entrance to the blood or other tissues.

Inflammation

________ is a mechanism to protect an organism from danger, typically in the form of invading pathogens (infection) or tissue damage through other means (necrotic tissue death)

noninflammatory cells

Inflammatory and ________ produce vasoactive factors.

Vasodilator

________ increases blood flow into tissues, but the speed of blood flow slows down in affected areas.

Chronic inflammation

________ (TB or Viral): Lymphocytes, fibrosis, changes in tissue architecture.

Fever

________: is induced in the brain by endogenous pyrogens (IL- 6 and TNF) that induce PGE- 2 via enhancement.

C3a

Vascular Permeability: Histamine, Bradykinin, serotonin, complement factors (________ and C5a)

vascular and cellular

Components of inflammation

Inflammatory enzymes

work better in the acidic environment but as you get farther away from the active area the pH gets more basic.

Without Pre-existing Immunity

preformed mechanism and innate immunity are the 1st line of defense

With Pre-existing Immunity

adaptive immunity (antibodies) facilitate activation of defense mechanisms

Things that trigger inflammation

infections, trauma (injury (mechanical, physical, chemical, foreign body)), tissue necrosis, immune reactions (hypersensitivity disorders)

Edema

Transudate or exudate in tissues or body cavities

Pus

Contains many leukocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) indicative of an infection

Vascular Permeability

Histamine, Bradykinin, complement factors (C3a and C5a)

Enhanced Vascular permeability

inflammatory proteins can get into injured tissues and easily migrate through vessel walls

Low-grade fever

38-39 C (99.5-102.2 F)

Moderate fever

39-40 C (102.2-104 F)

High-grade fever

> 40 C (> 104 F)

Hyperplyrexia

> 42 C (> 107.6)

Acute phase proteins

antimicrobial, C-reactive protein, serum A amyloid (SAA) Fibrinogen (enhances ESR)

Acute Phase Reactants

"positive" (pro-inflammation) (CRP, SAA, C3, C4, Fibrinogen, ESR) or "negative" (anti-inflammatory) (Transferrin, albumin)

Acute Inflammation (bacterial)

neutrophils, necrosis, edema, dilated vessels