psych final exam (1 + 2)
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100 Terms
This philosopher emphasized that humans, unlike other animals, have a mind, so not all of our behavior is automatic or reflexive.
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
Aristotle
Descartes
Descartes
This researcher had the first laboratory in psychology.
William James
J. Henry Alston
Wilhelm Wundt
Max Wertheimer
Wilhelm Wundt
Who was the philosopher who emphasized that to gain knowledge, we need to observe the world around us and learn through our experiences?
William James
Aristotle
Descartes
Wilhelm Wundt
Aristotle
Which early psychology researcher was known as a functionalist?
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
William James
Which question were structuralists primarily interested in investigating?
How do people describe the basic elements of a conscious experience?
What aspect of a stimulus becomes associated with muscle movements?
Why do we think and process information in the way that we do?
How can we better appreciate the role of context and organized wholes in explaining consciousness?
How do people describe the basic elements of a conscious experience?
An Industrial/Organizational psychologist typically conducts research that can be applied to this setting…
Universities
A counselor’s or therapist’s office
Daycare (early education)
Companies and businesses
Companies and businesses
According to one of our first presentations, approximately what percentage of people with psychology degrees (including advanced degrees) work as clinical psychologists or counselors?
20%
33%
15%
58%
33% (rule of thirds)
People have a number of different interpretations of what science is. According to class discussion, and the Stuart Firestein TED talk I asked you to watch, which of the three choices below is the LEAST accurate description of what science is?
It is a method of exploration that strives to ask better, more sophisticated questions (higher quality ignorance).
It is a specific method used to obtain knowledge, usually through experimentation.
It is what we have proven about a particular idea or subject.
It is what we have proven about a particular idea or subject.
Maggie has a potentially-harmful habit of picking at the skin on her face when she studies or reads. If someone tried to explain this from a ________ perspective, their questions would somehow focus unconscious processes. For example, maybe a past trauma or hidden bad memory is bothering Maggie in ways she doesn't realize.
cognitive
behaviorist
psychodynamic
social-cultural
psychodynamic
Gil is an 11-year-old boy who frequently gets into fights at school. The guidance counselor at the school is very familiar with the cognitive perspective. What might the cognitive perspective say about why Gil gets into fights with other children?
Gil thinks that fighting is kind of cool; he also often feels threatened by other students and that makes him want to fight.
Gil has learned through prior experience that he usually wins fights and gets what he wants.
Gil fights when he feels threatened by others or when his emotions and temper are out of his control; he also believes fighting is a way to get respect.
Gil is taller and larger than others in his class, and believes there are cultural expectations that he should sometimes fight.
Gil thinks that fighting is kind of cool; he also often feels threatened by other students and that makes him want to fight.
The _________ perspective in psychology is focused on self-concept, and examining how each of us comes to realize our full potential.
cognitive
social-cultural
humanistic
psychodynamic
humanistic
Let's say that I have insomnia (lots of trouble falling asleep at night). I tell my friend in the Psychology Department about it, and that friend uses a social-cultural perspective to understand the causes of behavior. Using that perspective, what do you think she might focus on?
What I might be thinking about or worrying about as I try to fall asleep.
How I might learn to develop healthy nighttime habits before sleeping, like listening to quiet music reading a book, and turning off all screens an hour before bed.
The physiology of sleep, such as brain waves in different stages of sleep.
Family and societal norms regarding sleep and how much or little we make it a priority.
Family and societal norms regarding sleep and how much or little we make it a priority.
The primary purpose of applied research is to
learn more about something, and satisfy our curiosity.
replicate a previous finding.
improve the human condition, and make people's lives better.
integrate psychology with other disciplines.
improve the human condition, and make people's lives better.
A prediction based on theory is called a(n)
operational definition.
hypothesis.
naturalistic observation.
replication.
hypothesis
In Latane, Rodin, and Darley's work on the Bystander Effect, what was the independent variable?
The ethnic background of bystanders, in comparison with the victim.
How quickly the participant/bystander would try to help the victim.
How many bystanders were present when the person suffered from an accident or seizure.
The type of ailment for emergency that happened to the victim.
How many bystanders were present when the person suffered from an accident or seizure.
The results of the Bystander Effect research, carried out by Latane, Rodin, and Darley, are very consistent with this behavior/pattern from social psychology that we discussed in class...
diffusion of responsibility
obedience to authority
kin selection (helping relatives)
functionalism
diffusion of responsibility
Which of the following terms are most closely aligned with the definition of empiricism?
correlation and causation.
observation and recording.
deductive and inductive reasoning.
control and manipulation.
observation and recording
According to one of the presentations, is there more evidence indicating that “likes attract,” or “opposites attract?”
Likes attract.
Opposites attract.
likes attract
In science, a ______ is an explanation that often combines several interrelated ideas and observations.
hypothesis
theory
law
principle
theory
Suppose I wanted to do an experiment on whether wearing noise-canceling headphones while studying would improve test scores. I divide a class into two groups: one that is asked to study for a total of six hours across two days WITH the noise-canceling headphones on, and the other that is asked to study for the same amount of time (six hours across two days) but WITHOUT headphones. What would be the dependent variable in this study?
the test scores
the total time spent studying for the test
the presence or absence of the headphones
the difficulty level of the test questions
the test scores
In the 'O.H.D.A.C' depiction of the scientific method that I went over in class, what does the 'O' stand for?
Originate
Objective
Observe
Opinion
Observe
A criticism of psychodynamic hypotheses and explanations – – like those associated with Sigmund Freud – – is that they are not falsifiable. What does this mean?
There are no physiological data that explain what's happening in the brain/body.
It is difficult or impossible to collect data showing that the hypotheses or explanations are incorrect.
Resulting explanations are clearly untrue, particularly from a modern 21st-century perspective.
The ideas are testable, but the results obtained may not apply to all people.
It is difficult or impossible to collect data showing that the hypotheses or explanations are incorrect.
The primary function of a neuron's axon is to
store and release neurotransmitters.
receive messages from other neurons.
keep the cell alive.
transmit an electrical impulse called an Action Potential.
transmit an electrical impulse called an Action Potential.
How is the myelin sheath important to the neuron?
It helps to decipher messages from other neurons.
It helps to gather nutrients for the neuron.
It helps to promote the growth of dendrites.
It helps insulate the axon, and maintain the strength of the electrical impulse.
It helps insulate the axon, and maintain the strength of the electrical impulse.
When a neuron is in the process of firing (not at rest)...
the inside of the axon membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside.
there is more sodium on the outside of the axon than inside
potassium rushes from the outside of the axon to the inside.
the membrane of the axon is depolarized, as the charge across it has reversed from when the axon was at rest.
the membrane of the axon is depolarized, as the charge across it has reversed from when the axon was at rest.
When a neuron fires, what are the two main steps that change the electrical charge across the axon membrane?
Negatively charged ions enter the axon, and later they are allowed to leave.
Potassium ions enter the axon, then the permeability changes so they are trapped.
Sodium ions exit the axon, then potassium ions are allowed to enter.
Sodium ions enter the axon, then potassium ions exit.
Sodium ions enter the axon, then potassium ions exit.
The small space or gap between two neurons is called ...
the axon terminal.
the soma.
the synapse.
the myelin sheath.
the synapse
________ carry electrochemical messages from the body's sensory systems (like skin receptors) to the brain.
interneurons
efferent neurons
glial cells
afferent neurons
afferent neurons
As we discussed in class, these two neurotransmitters are known to affect our mood and increase pleasure.
serotonin and dopamine
serotonin and glutamate
GABA and norepinephrine
GABA and acetylcholine
serotonin and dopamine
Although it is not as well-known as dopamine, ________ is a very common and consistently inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
GABA
glutamate
GABA
According to lecture, are some Action Potentials stronger than others?
Yes.
No.
No
The nervous system has two subdivisions: the central nervous system and....
the somatic nervous system.
the sympathetic nervous system.
the peripheral nervous system.
the brain.
the peripheral nervous system.
After finishing a psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the response of the autonomic nervous system, and in particular the ________ nervous system, which would lower your heart and breathing rates.
parasympathetic
somatic
central
sympathetic
parasympathetic
Which of the following can be loosely thought of as the “voluntary” nervous system, because it helps you make intentional movements of muscles in areas like your arms and legs?
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
somatic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
Which of the following would be considered a physiological response of the parasympathetic (rather than sympathetic) nervous system?
Increased salvation, to aid in eating and digestion.
Increased heart rate.
Increased glucose in the blood, to be used as energy.
Pupils in the eyes dialate or enlarge.
Increased salvation, to aid in eating and digestion.
If a person's amygdala was damaged in an accident, you would expect the person to have great difficulty with
balance, movement, and coordination.
regulating internal body temperature.
recognizing emotions, and feeling emotions appropriately.
waking up after a good night's sleep.
recognizing emotions, and feeling emotions appropriately.
This area of the brain is thought of as a “relay center,” sending sensory information to the appropriate part of the brain, and motor information from the brain out to the muscles.
amygdala
hypothalamus
thalamus
cerebellum
thalamus
Are the thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala located in the forebrain?
No
Yes
Yes
This brain area is critical for interpreting what we hear…
parietal lobes.
temporal lobes.
frontal lobes.
occipital lobes.
temporal lobes.
Judging, planning, initiating behavior, and inhibiting behavior are enabled by the _______ lobes.
occipital
frontal
parietal
temporal
frontal
These lobes of the cerebral cortex would NOT considered important for interpreting or producing language…
temporal lobes.
parietal lobes.
frontal lobes.
parietal lobes
When we say that the cerebral cortex is 'plastic,' we are referring to
the physical construction of the cells themselves, less rigid than subcortical cells.
the ability to grow brand new neurons throughout life.
its mystery, as we still understand very little about it.
its ability to change and adapt to unusual circumstances.
its ability to change and adapt to unusual circumstances.
You watched a video of a nine-year-old girl named Jodie, who had surgery to treat her frequent seizures brought about by Rasmussen syndrome. What was the surgical procedure?
A significant portion of her brainstem was removed.
The right hemisphere of her cerebral cortex was removed.
Continuous electrical stimulation was applied to damaged areas of the cortex.
Connective neural tissue between her two hemispheres was surgically repaired.
The right hemisphere of her cerebral cortex was removed.
According to lecture, sensation basically means ________ and perception basically means ________.
detection; interpretation
interpretation; organization
encoding; detection
organization; accommodation
detection; interpretation
___________ refers to the conversion of external energy (like light, for example) into neural impulses that the brain can interpret.
Transduction
Transmission
Crossover
Depolarization
Transduction
Which monocular depth cue (stimulus cue for depth perception) refers to the idea that parallel lines will look like they are going to intersect in the distance?
relative size
reduced clarity
linear perspective
interposition
linear perspective
Which Gestalt law states that objects that appear close together in space are perceived as belonging together?
Law of similarity
Law of closure
Law of proximity
Law of continuity
law of proximity
Which Gestalt law states that we perceive an organized whole even if the object is not completely enclosed or looks somewhat incomplete?
Law of similarity
Law of closure
Law of continuity
Law of proximity
Law of closure
In the 1960s, Segall and colleagues showed the Müller-Lyer and Ponzo images to people in the Ivory Coast, and to Kalahari hunter-gatherers. On average, did they see the vertical lines as being the same length, or one longer than the other?
Unlike Americans in the Europeans observed, they tended to see them as the same length.
They tended to see one line as longer than the other.
Unlike Americans in the Europeans observed, they tended to see them as the same length.
What was the main explanation discussed in class for the findings mentioned in the question above?
Genetic differences between the groups that were studied.
Differences in the proportions of rods and cones in the people studied.
The different visual experiences, particularly with respect to the types of buildings and roads.
Differences in the education system, particularly the different attention paid to math concepts.
The different visual experiences, particularly with respect to the types of buildings and roads.
Richard Mulcaster was the first person to write about nature and nurture, in the context of education. Later, Francis Galton wrote about nature or nurture as well. Whose viewpoint is closer to how we think about nature and nurture today?
Galton's view is closer.
Mulcaster's view is closer.
Mulcaster's view is closer.
According to lecture, which of the following most accurately describes Galton's view on nature and nurture?
He believed that nurture predominated over nature when it comes to the formation of personality traits like extraversion.
He believed that nature predominated over nurture when it comes to the formation of intelligence.
He believed that nurture predominated over nature when it comes to the formation of intelligence.
He believed that nature predominated over nurture when it comes to the formation of personality traits like extraversion.
He believed that nature predominated over nurture when it comes to the formation of intelligence.
Is there evidence that a person's genetics ("nature") can have an effect on whether the person is diagnosed with depression? What about schizophrenia?
Genetic makeup can have an effect on schizophrenia, but not depression.
Genetic makeup can have an effect on depression, but not schizophrenia.
Yes, genetic makeup can have an influence on both schizophrenia and depression.
No, evidence suggests genetic makeup has little or no influence on schizophrenia and depression.
Yes, genetic makeup can have an influence on both schizophrenia and depression.
____________ was defined in class as: a combination of genetic and environmental influences, from conception, on a trait; also the study of molecular mechanisms through which environments can affect gene expression.
Diathesis-stress model
Epigenetics
Nature
Heritability
Epigenetics
According to Aaron Beck's cognitive view, most depressed persons have
a very limited range of emotion, or flat affect.
extremely stressful environments.
low levels of dopamine and other neurotransmitters.
negative views of themselves, the environment, and the future.
negative views of themselves, the environment, and the future.
An important difference between persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) and major depressive disorder is that for persistent depressive disorder…
the symptoms tend to be more severe or acute.
the symptoms also involve some manic episodes.
the symptoms are chronic, lasting a very very long time.
the symptoms are only observed in children under 18.
the symptoms are chronic, lasting a very very long time.
In the diathesis-stress model for explaining clinical disorders, the word ‘diathesis’ would be best described or characterized as
the symptoms.
a traumatic event.
the diagnosis.
a predisposition.
a predisposition.
According to lecture, most Americans believe that the rate of violent crime in the United States is______________ each year; the actual rate of violent crime has been mostly____________ since the 1990s, according to data from the FBI and Bureau of Justice.
decreasing; increasing
increasing; decreasing
decreasing; decreasing
increasing; increasing
increasing; decreasing
8-month-old Dante loves to grab objects with his hands. He uses the same method of grabbing something each time – – putting his palm down on the object and then wrapping his fingers around it. This seems to work well, as he can pick up most of his toys that way, as well as his parent's car keys. As long as the object is big enough, he does NOT have to adjust his existing schema, so Piaget would say that this situation is an example of
adaptation.
assimilation.
accommodation.
concept formation.
assimilation.
According to Piaget, in what stage of cognitive development do children start to understand conservation of mass and volume?
Preoperational
Sensorimotor
Formal operational
Concrete operational
Concrete operational
What is the age range of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
approximately 0 to 2 years old
approximately 12 years old to adulthood
approximately 6 or 7 to 11 years old
approximately 2 to 6 or 7 years old
approximately 0 to 2 years old
A very important component of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is _______ , or the mental structures or frameworks that help us organize and interpret information.
consciousness
categories
stages
schemas
schemas
Which of the following is a common criticism of Piaget's developmental theory?
It is vague.
It underestimates children's abilities to get through the stages earlier.
It overemphasizes culture and individual differences.
It focuses too much on language and conversation.
It underestimates children's abilities to get through the stages earlier.
Is the concept of "inner speech" important in Piaget's theories, Vygotsky's, or both.
Both
Piaget's
Vygotsky's
Vygotsky's
Unlike Piaget, Lev Vygotsky's theories emphasized the importance of this kind of environmental stimulation…
Playing games with rules
Using tools (or toys that mimic tools)
Talking to adults
Being outside
Talking to adults
Lev Vygotsky's model emphasizes that learning in young children is comprised of two basic types. What are they?
Recognizing patterns and understanding when they will be punished.
Mathematical learning and verbal learning
Physical learning (playing with objects) and thinking/pondering
What to learn (content) and how to learn (strategies)
What to learn (content) and how to learn (strategies)
Which of the following would indicate that a human parent and child have formed a strong attachment?
imprinting
infant egocentrism
separation anxiety
object permanence
separation anxiety
In Ainsworth's "strange situation" study, a young toddler named Bella protests when her mother leaves the playroom and seems irritable and kind of fussy while she is gone. Even after the mother returns, Bella is still irritable and hard to console. She may very well approach mom, wanting to be picked up, but then she might push mother away with her hands. Based on this pattern, Bella and her mom are most likely to have _____________ attachment style.
insecure-avoidant
insecure-ambivalent
secure
insecure-ambivalent
In Ainsworth's "strange situation" study, what was the most common attachment pattern seen in the youngsters and their mothers?
disorganized
insecure-ambivalent
secure
insecure-avoidant
secure
In a cross-cultural comparison of results of “strange situation” study’s (based on Ainsworth’s work), how were the results different between individualistic and collectivist cultures?
In individualistic cultures, there was a substantially lower percentage of avoidant attachment relationships than ambivalent/resistant attachment relationships, whereas in collectivist cultures, the opposite was true.
There was a substantially higher percentage of secure attachment relationships in collectivist cultures.
There was a substantially higher percentage of secure attachment relationships in individualistic cultures.
In individualistic cultures, there was a substantially higher percentage of avoidant attachment relationships than ambivalent/resistant attachment relationships, whereas in collectivist cultures, the opposite was true.
In individualistic cultures, there was a substantially higher percentage of avoidant attachment relationships than ambivalent/resistant attachment relationships, whereas in collectivist cultures, the opposite was true.
According to the Furman and Burmester (1992) study discussed in a presentation, the perceived primary source of support for 10th-grade children is
a friend of the "opposite" gender.
a parent.
a "same-gender" friend.
a "same-gender" friend.
According to lecture, which age group listed below is the most likely to engage in risk-taking behavior – – in real life, and even in research scenarios in the laboratory (such as a computer gambling game, with fake money that players are allowed to wager)??
Young school-aged children (about 6-11 years old)
Teens (about 13-18 years old)
Young Adults (about 30-35 years old)
Middle-aged adults (about 40-45 years old)
Teens (about 13-18 years old)
According to what we discussed and the brief video we watched in class, a good one-word definition for consciousness is ...
awareness.
enlightenment.
openness.
immersion.
awareness
Think about what you had for dinner last night. Before you read this request, this information was in your _______ mind, and you were instantly able to bring it to your conscious mind.
repressed conscious
unconscious
subconscious
preconscious
preconscious
In Freud's model, which of the choices below refers to a person's morals, or sense of right and wrong?
The id
The preconscious mind
The ego
The superego
The superego
In Freud's model, which of the choices below refers to a person's selfish desires, seeking immediate pleasure and gratification?
The id
The ego
The preconscious mind
The superego
The id
According to the Iceberg Model shown in class, where does the ego reside in the mind?
in all three – – conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
in the conscious mind only
in the unconscious mind only
in the preconscious mind only
in all three – – conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
According to a Freudian/psychodynamic perspective, there are three somewhat common ways that the unconscious mind comes out into our consciousness (either through therapy or by accident). Which of the following is NOT one of these three?
Answers to Rorschach tests
Dream analysis
Freudian slips
Meditation
Meditation
Which area of the brain is especially important for maintaining circadian rhythms (24-hour rhythms) in the body?
hippocampus and amygdala
suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
parietal lobe
midbrain
suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
The EEG wave pattern of REM sleep is typically _________________ .
high in amplitude and low in frequency
high in both amplitude and frequency
high in frequency and low in amplitude
low in both amplitude and frequency
high in frequency and low in amplitude
During a typical night of sleep, do we tend to get most of our deep Stage-3 sleep in the first half of the night or the second half of the night?
Second half
First half
First half
Which statement best describes the effects of alcohol on sleep?
After the initial sedative effects, alcohol has very little effect on the stages of sleep.
With alcohol, sleep in the second half of the night will be light Stage 1 sleep, with little REM sleep.
Alcohol makes it difficult to fall asleep.
Alcohol helps you to fall asleep and causes you to have a lot of quality dream sleep at night.
With alcohol, sleep in the second half of the night will be light Stage 1 sleep, with little REM sleep.
How much sleep do older adults (over 70 years old) get, compared to other age groups?
They tend to get less than any other age group.
They tend to get more than any other age group, except children under five.
They tend to get less than all other age groups except for teenagers (14-19 years).
They sleep the same amount as anybody else over the age of five, but a large amount of their sleep is REM sleep.
They tend to get less than any other age group.
Why is the mesolimbic pathway in the brain important to study in psychology?
It is thought to be an important area for inhibiting inappropriate behavior.
It is thought to be an important reward system that helps us understand addictive drugs.
It is thought to be an important area for dreams and unconscious processing of information.
It is thought to be an important area for the consolidation of long-term memories.
It is thought to be an important reward system that helps us understand addictive drugs.
Jason tells his therapist, Dr. Braun, about a dream he has repeatedly, in which he is being chased by a dog through the neighborhood he grew up in. The narrative story of the dream, as Jason tells it to his therapist or even a good friend, is called the _______ content of the dream.
Implicit
spiritual
latent
manifest
manifest
One perspective on dreaming is that content of our dreams is really the product of what we were thinking about earlier that day. Overall, this interpretation is consistent with a _______ perspective.
Freudian
physiological (or neural activation)
psychodynamic
cognitive
cognitive
Which of the following best describes Carl Jung's psychodynamic perspective on the symbolism in our dreams? Note that Jung's view is a little different from Freud's.
Jung believed there was symbolism in our dreams, and the meaning is different for each person, so it can be useful in therapy sessions.
Jung believed there was symbolism in our dreams, and the symbolism is the same for all people as they related to our deep instincts and feelings.
Jung believed that dreams contained no symbolism, so should be ignored.
Jung believed that the content of dreams was kind of random, just the product of neurons firing and images forming.
Jung believed there was symbolism in our dreams, and the symbolism is the same for all people as they related to our deep instincts and feelings.
In a presentation, I discussed the culture of opioid painkillers, and the fact that the rate of opioid prescriptions has been MUCH higher in the United States than almost any other country. I also discussed some reasons why this might be so. Which of the following was NOT a reason listed for the difference in opioid prescription rate across cultures?
the differing costs of and regulations on some drugs between countries
aggressive marketing tactics by drug manufacturers
taboos about drugs in some cultures
the import of illegal drugs into a country
the import of illegal drugs into a country
True or false: while the rate of opioid prescriptions in the United States were very very high from around 2008 to around 2013, in the last ten years or more, opioid prescriptions in the US have been decreasing.
true
false
true
Both marijuana and DMT are classified as this type of drug…
depressants
stimulants
hallucinogens
hallucinogens
Is marijuana considered physiologically addictive? Is DMT considered physiologically addictive?
Only DMT is considered physiologically addictive.
No to both.
Only marijuana is considered physiologically addictive.
Yes to both.
No to both.
In a class discussion, we discussed the function of sleep, listing several reasons why humans sleep. Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons listed?
Our ancestors slept in groups, and sleep was a way to maintain social bonds.
When we sleep we consolidate our memories, solidifying what we learned that day.
Sleep helps us to relax, restoring muscles and repairing tissues.
We sleep because it keeps us safe, for example hidden from potential predators.
Our ancestors slept in groups, and sleep was a way to maintain social bonds.
Researchers in Europe, and now at Johns Hopkins University in the US, have been researching the possible therapeutic use of certain drugs that we normally think of as illegal, or drugs of abuse. For example, it is possible that these drugs can help people suffering from severe anxiety. Which of the drugs listed below were discussed in the presentation is having possible therapeutic or beneficial effects?
Psilocybin (active compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms)
heroin
DMT
cocaine
Psilocybin (active compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms)
Which of the following best describes drug tolerance?
A person repeatedly using a drug needs to take more of it to get the same effects.
The effects of a particular drug might not be felt right away, but will be after 20-30 minutes.
The cognitions of a drug user changes, so that they no longer see themselves as an addict.
Certain cultures allow or even encourage some drug use, while others do not.
A person repeatedly using a drug needs to take more of it to get the same effects.
Pavlov's dogs salivated when meat powder was presented; it was an automatic reflex. In classical conditioning terms, what would the salivation in response to the meat powder be called?
Unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Through classical conditioning, we can learn to predict that certain things in our environment are about to happen – – loud thunder is about to occur, something really bad is about to happen in a horror movie, or students are going to start jumping up and down in Lane Stadium. In classical conditioning terms, we say that it is the ____________________ that predicts that the unconditioned stimulus is about to happen.
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
What does NEGATIVE mean in negative reinforcement and negative punishment?
A behavior is discouraged, so will occur less often.
A stimulus is taken away, removed.
The behavior is encouraged, so we'll see more of it.
The outcome of the behavior is bad.
A stimulus is taken away, removed.
Breanna's mom asks her to take out the garbage, and she doesn't want to do it. So she makes up an excuse to get out of it. She says she has a Zoom meeting for a class starting in five minutes and she needs to set up the computer. This excuse allows her to not take out the trash, and it's very likely that she will use excuses like this sometime in the future when she doesn't want to deal with the trash. This scenario describes which type of operant conditioning?
Negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
Nine-year-old Jared normally receives a five-dollar allowance from his parents each week. One day he gets into a fight at school, and when he gets home his parents inform him that they are taking away his allowance for one month. This learning experience fits best into this operant conditioning category…
Negative reinforcement
Negative punishment
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment