🧫 CHAPTER 4 STUDY NOTES: CELLS (PROKARYOTIC vs EUKARYOTIC)

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have both.

Binary fission

The method by which prokaryotic cells replicate.

Glycocalyx

A sticky outer layer on prokaryotic cells that aids in attachment and immune evasion.

Shapes of bacteria

Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped), Spiral (twisted).

Fimbriae

Hair-like structures that help bacteria adhere to surfaces.

Gram-positive cell wall

Characterized by thick peptidoglycan and the absence of an outer membrane.

Gram-negative cell wall

Features a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.

Active transport

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

Endospores

Dormant survival structures formed by some bacteria in response to harsh conditions.

80S ribosomes

The type of ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells.

Functions of plasma membrane

Selectively permeable; controls entry and exit of substances.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration.

Penicillin

An antibiotic that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls.

Endosymbiotic theory

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free bacteria.

Peptidoglycan composition

Made of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by amino acids.