Segregation, Environmental Justice, Residential segregation, Global Inequality

Intersectionality

Discrimination based on multiple factors

• lady who is african american, buddhist → hella discriminated against

Social stratification

groups of people are given better preferences than others (group based) (intersectionality is at the individual/person level)

Why is it important to consider intersection

Because multiple categories of potential discrimination/oppression that compounds in one individual, and put her at a disadvantage in society

• the theory of intersectionality asks us to consider all the different levels of discrimination

Global Inequality

The world is extremely unequal

• 51 congo life expectancy

• 84 japan/france life expectancy

access to clean water is also variable

The Champagne glass method

Helps to represent and explain inequalities in wealth we see.

• represents distribution

• top 1/5 of the world have 82.7% of the global income while the bottom 1/5 have 1.4%

Maternal mortality rate

is a marker for healthcare systems

• EU: 15/100 000 die in childbirth

• Central Africa 700/ 100 000 die in childbirth

Social economic status

Is a pyramid. As we go up social pyramid, access and quality of healthcare improves

• bottom: more disease, less healthcare quality, dangerous jobs

Race can play a role: hispanic/african american overall have higher morbidity and mortality rates, worse access to healthcare.

• SES cannot explain everything. Minorities are less likely to receive everyday healthcare and treatments for life threatening conditions

Gender differences

Men typically use fewer preventative services such as vaccines and check ups

• women need reproductive services (access reduced and limited based on local laws)

• Studies for diabetes and heart disease don’t always include women (lack of research

LGBT community

might face discrimination, which can limit clinics they feel comfortable seeking help from.

· Transgender especially face discrimination, and have a hard time finding someone who has experience working with transgender individuals. Leads them to be reluctant to seek services when they really need them.

Residential segregation

groups of people separate into different neighborhoods

• Could be by race or by income

• where we life affects our life chances because it affects our politics, healthcare, availability to education etc

Types of residential segregation - Concentration

Theres clustering of different groups

Types of residential segregation - Centralization

segregation + clustering in a central area

Index of dissimilarity

0 is total segregation, and 100 perfect distribution

Political isolation

Communities segregated are politically weak because their political interests don’t overlap with other communities – become political vulnerable, don’t have the political influence to keep their own needs addressed.

Linguistic isolation

Communities who are isolated may develop own language, even in same city. May limit jobs.

• Lower access to quality education/heath

Spatial mismatch

Opportunities for low - income people in segregated communities may be present but farther away, and harder to access

• Gap between where people live and where opportunities are

Environmental Justice

Fair distribution of the environmental benefits and burdens within a society across all groups.

Where we live plays a huge role in environmental benefits and risks we’re exposed to.

• Areas with high poverty and lots of racial minorities often have few environmental benefits

• Lots of environmental burden compared to wealthier parts

  • Includes waste facilities, manufacturing/factories, energy production, airports

• Few alternatives

Wealthier population society has much higher benefits

• more politically and economically powerful and able to demand beneficial facilities are placed close to them and burdening facilities far away

Also represented in environmental/lobbying groups

Segregation

A way of separating out groups of people and giving them access to a separate set of resources within the same society

• Idea “separate but equal”, which is rarely true in practice.

• Often worse resources

• maintained by law and public institutions or more informal processes like hidden discrimination

Social isolation

When community voluntarily isolates itself from mainstream, based on their own religious/cultural/other beliefs