Disease Exam 3 Study Guide

Types of pneumonia

Pneumonia can be classified into several types based on the causative agent or the setting in which it is acquired. Major types include:

• Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): Acquired outside of a hospital setting.

• Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): Acquired during hospital stays.

• Aspiration pneumonia: Resulting from inhaling foreign materials into the lungs.

• Bacterial pneumonia: Caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae.

• Viral pneumonia: Resulting from viral infections like the flu or COVID-19.

• Fungal pneumonia: Caused by fungal infections, often in immunocompromised individuals.

Hepatitis

Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver, commonly caused by viral infections, but can also arise from autoimmune diseases, alcohol use, or exposure to toxins. There are several types of hepatitis viruses, including Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.

Types of feces

Feces can be classified based on characteristics such as consistency, color, and odor. Common types include:

• Normal feces: Brown, soft, and formed, indicating a healthy digestive system.

• Diarrheal feces: Watery and loose, often indicating infection or digestive issues.

• Constipated feces: Hard and dry, resulting from prolonged retention in the colon.

• Pale or clay-colored feces: May indicate a lack of bile, suggesting liver or gallbladder problems.

• Black or tarry feces: Could indicate internal bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract.

• Red feces: May result from bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract or ingestion of certain foods (e.g., beets).

Characteristics of Alzheimer’s D

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. Key features include amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and inflammation in the brain.

Inflammatory Bowel D

(IBD) includes chronic inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, characterized by persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Bilirubin in newborns

Bilirubin in newborns is a yellow pigment resulting from the breakdown of red blood cells. Elevated bilirubin levels can lead to jaundice, which is common in newborns due to their immature liver function.

Cholelithiasis

A condition characterized by the formation of gallstones in the gallbladder, which may cause pain, nausea, and digestive issues.

Myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of the voluntary muscles, caused by an interruption in the communication between nerves and muscles.

Pelvic inflammatory D

Infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by STIs.

Thyrotoxic crisis

A life-threatening health condition that is associated with untreated or under-treated hypperthyriodism.

Herpes

Common viral infection that causes painful blisters, or sores. Caused by the herpes simplex virus.

Hypoglycemia

Abnormally low blood sugar levels.

Papilledema

Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure.

Cov-d19

Lower respiratory tract infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, often leading to symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.

Celiac D, Crohn’s D, Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammatory bowel diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and malnutrition.

Diabetes and Metabolic syndrome

Disorders of blood sugar regulation and cluster of conditions (high BP, high sugar, excess body fat) that increase heart disease risk.

Epilepsy/seizures

A disorder of the central nervous system characterized by the abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in recurrent seizures

Cerebrospinal fluid

The clear fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord, provides nutrients and removes waste

Exocrine pancreatic function

The part of the pancreas’s job that helps you digest food.

Types of strokes

Ischemic (the blockage): Most common, happens when a blood clot or fatty deposits block an artery leading to the brain.

Hemmorhagic (the bleed): happens when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures, causing bleeding that puts too much pressure on brain cells.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA or mini-stroke): temporary blockage, symptoms last a few minutes or hours and then disappear, but it is a serious warning sign that a full stroke may happen soon

Hydrocephalus

The buildup of excess CSF in the brain’s ventricles, often causing increased intracranial pressure

Pulmonary edema, atelectasis, embolus

Edema: fluid in the lungs

Atelectasis: collapse of lung tissue

Embolus: a blood clot that travels to the lungs

Emphysema

A lung condition (part of COPD) that causes shortness of breath due to over-inflation and damage of the alveoli.

Oral cancer

Malignant growths in the mouth

Brain damage and tumors

Brain damage is an injury to the brain that destroys or kills brain cells from an outside force or lack of oxygen.

Brain tumors is an abnormal growth of cells inside the brain. The body’s own cels start multiplying when they shouldn’t.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ALS; Lou Gehrig’s disease; a fatal motor neuron disease causing progressive muscle atrophy and paralysis.

Cerebral palsy

A group of disorders affecting movement and muscle tone caused by damage to the developing brain, usually before birth.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

A group of disorders that cause tumors in the body’s glands.

Peptic ulcers

Open sores that develop on the inside of the stomach (gastric) or the upper portion of the small intestine (duodenal).

Sleep apnea

A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts.

Adrenergic receptors

Sites in the body that respond to epinephrine and norepinephrine (aphelia and beta receptors).

Rabies

A deadly viral disease spread by the bite of an infected animal, attacking the nervous system.

Legionnaire’s D

A servers form of pneumonia caused by Legionella bacteria.

Cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract.

Protein digestion

Process where your body breaks down the protein you eat into tine building blocks called amino acids.

Herpes virus

A viral infection causing sores (oral or genital) and remaining latent in the nervous system.

Tuberculosis

A serious infectious bacterial that mainly affects the lungs.

Amoebic meningoencephalitis

Rare but serious infection of the brain, caused by “brain-eating” amoeba called Naegleria fowleri.

Signs and symptoms of Bronchitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, epiglottitis, sinusitis, and rhinitis

Bronchitis: Persistent cough (1–3 weeks), sputum production (clear, yellow, or green), chest congestion, wheezing, low-grade fever, and fatigue.

Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup): Often begins with a cold, followed by a harsh barking cough (like a seal), hoarseness, stridor (noisy breathing on inspiration), and respiratory distress.

Epiglottitis: Sudden onset of severe sore throat, drooling, difficulty swallowing, muffled voice, fever, and a "tripod" posture (sitting forward to breathe).

Sinusitis: Facial pain/pressure (cheeks, forehead, or around eyes), nasal congestion, thick yellow/green nasal discharge, post-nasal drip, headache, and sometimes fever.

Rhinitis: Runny nose (rhinorrhea), stuffy nose (congestion), sneezing, and itchy nose or throat.

Stomach cancer

Malignant growths in the stomach lining

Pituitary gland secretions

pituitary gland is a "master gland" at the base of the brain that secretes hormones into the bloodstream to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and water balance.

Adrenal medulla tumor

(Pheochromocytoma): A rare, usually benign tumor that develops in an adrenal gland, causing excess adrenaline.

Cirrhosis, alcoholic liver D

Late-stage scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by long-term damage, such as chronic alcohol abuse.

Hirschsprung’s D

A congenital condition where nerve cells are missing from parts of the colon, causing stool to get stuck.

Parkinson’s D

A progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement, primarily due to to the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantial nigra.

Volvulus and intussusception

Twisting of the intestine. Intussusception is one part of the intestine slides into an adjacent part (like a telescope)

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or heavy alcohol use.

Broncogenic carcinoma

A type of lung cancer that begins in the epithelial lining of the bronchi.

Mumps

A viral infection that primarily affects saliva-producing (parotid) glands.

Depression

a serious, common medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, think, and act.

Cretinism

(Congenital Hypothyroidism) Severe deficiency of thyroid hormone in newborns, leading to impaired physical and mental growth.

Meningitis

Inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cords, usually caused by infection.

Huntington’s D

An inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over time, leading to movement, cognitive, and psychiatric disorders.