Bio Midterm 2 Flashcards Meh

Ribonucleotides

Monomers that form the nucleic acid RNA in the polymer.

Deoxyribonucleotides

Monomers called DNA in the polymer.

Phosphate group

A component of a nucleotide that gives nucleic acids their negative charge.

Sugar (in Nucleotide)

The component that decides whether the nucleotide belongs to DNA or RNA.

Nitrogenous base

The information-carrying part of a nucleotide.

Double helix

The secondary structure of DNA.

Lipids

Organic biomolecules characterized by being hydrophobic.

Fats (triglycerides)

Lipid polymers used for insolation and short-term energy.

Steroids

Lipid polymers used for signaling and regulation.

Phospholipids

Lipid polymers that form the outermost protective wall of a cell.

Phosphodiester bonds

The bonds or linkages that combine nucleic acid monomers.

Amphipathic

A term describing molecules like phospholipids that have both hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads.

Nucleus

The organelle that holds DNA.

Rough ER

A part of the endomembrane system responsible for making proteins.

Smooth ER

A part of the endomembrane system responsible for making lipids.

Golgi Apparatus

The organelle that packages lipids and protein made by the ER.

Lysosomes

Organelles that break down waste and food.

Central Vacuole

A structure in plant cells that stores water.

Vesicles

Small structures in the secretory pathway that move materials throughout the cell.

Mitochondria

Metabolic compartments that produce energy.

Chloroplasts

Metabolic compartments responsible for photosynthesis to make glucose.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that breakdown harmful mitochondria waste.

Cell wall

A plant cell structure that protects the cell and prevents it from bursting or shriveling when $H_2O$ changes.

Plasma membrane

A structure that protects the cell from the outside world.

Cytoskeleton

A cellular structure associated with cell motility.

Cytoplasm

Represents everything within the plasma membrane.

Ribosomes

Cellular components that build proteins.

Diffusion

Transport that requires no energy and moves from High to Low concentration.

Osmosis

Transport that requires no energy and moves from High to Low concentration.

Facilitated diffusion

Transport that requires no energy and moves from High to Low concentration.

Active transport

Transport that requires energy input and moves from Low to High concentration.

Exocytosis/Endocytosis

Transport processes that require energy input and move from Low to High concentration.

Hypotonic

A solution where the outside concentration of solute is lower than inside, causing the cell to burst or swell.

Hypertonic

A solution where the outside concentration of solute is higher than inside, causing the cell to shrink.

Isotonic

A solution where the outside concentration of solute is the same as inside, causing the cell to stay the same.

Prokaryotes

Cells with a plasma membrane, cell wall, and capsule; DNA is found in a coiled circular chromosome in the nucleoid region without a nucleus.

Eukaryotes

Larger, compartmentalized cells with DNA in a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles where cellular metabolism occurs.

Animal Cell

A type of eukaryotic cell that is usually round, has small vacuoles, and common lysosomes.

Plant Cell

A type of eukaryotic cell with a boxy shape, cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts.